後記 Postscript

《》，「」「」，，。At the beginning of the third essay, on "The Twenty-Four Cases of Filial Piety," I said that the "Mahuzi" (馬虎子) used in Beijing to frighten children ought to be written "Mahuzi" (麻胡子), referring to Ma Shumou, and I took him moreover to be a Hu (foreign) person.，「」「」，，《》，《》。Now I know this was wrong: the character "hu" 胡 should be "hu" 祜, which was Shumou's given name — this appears in the Zi Xia Ji by the Tang-dynasty writer Li Jiweng, in the last volume, under the title "Fei Mahu" ("Not Mahu").：The original text reads as follows:

我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
第: dì — 1. (prefix indicating ordinal number, as in 第六 (dì liù) "sixth") 2. (literary) grades in which successful candidates in the imperial examinations were placed 3. (old) residence of a high official 4. (literary) but; however 5. (literary) only; just
三: Sān — surname San (HSK 1)
篇: piān — 1. sheet 2. piece of writing 3. bound set of bamboo slips used for record keeping (old) 4. classifier for written items: chapter, article (HSK 2)
講: jiǎng — 1. to speak 2. to explain 3. to negotiate 4. to emphasize 5. to be particular about 6. as far as sth is concerned 7. speech 8. lecture (HSK 2)
二十四孝: Èr shí sì Xiào — the Twenty-four Filial Exemplars, classic Confucian text on filial piety from Yuan dynasty
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
開頭: kāi tóu — 1. beginning 2. to start (HSK 6)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
北京: Běi jīng — Beijing municipality, capital of the People's Republic of China (short name 京 (Jīng)) (HSK 1)
恐嚇: kǒng hè — 1. to threaten 2. to menace (HSK 7-9)
小孩: xiǎo hái — 1. child 2. classifier: 個 (gè)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
馬虎: mǎ hu — 1. careless 2. sloppy 3. negligent 4. skimpy (HSK 7-9)
子: zǐ — 1. son 2. child 3. seed 4. egg 5. small thing 6. 1st earthly branch: 11 p.m.–1 a.m., midnight, 11th solar month (7th December to 5th January), year of the rat 7. viscount, fourth of five orders of nobility 五等爵位 (wǔ děng jué wèi) 8. ancient Chinese compass point: 0° (north) 9. subsidiary; subordinate; (prefix) sub-
應: Yīng — 1. surname Ying 2. Taiwan pr. (Yìng) (HSK 4)
作: zuō — 1. (bound form) worker 2. (bound form) workshop 3. (slang) troublesome; high-maintenance (person) (HSK 6)
麻: Má — surname Ma (HSK 7-9)
胡子: hú zi — 1. beard 2. mustache or whiskers 3. facial hair 4. classifier: 撮 (zuǒ), 根 (gēn) 5. (coll.) bandit (HSK 5)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
指: zhǐ — 1. finger 2. to point at or to 3. to indicate or refer to 4. to depend on 5. to count on 6. (of hair) to stand on end (HSK 3)
麻: Má — surname Ma (HSK 7-9)
叔: shū — 1. uncle 2. father's younger brother 3. husband's younger brother 4. Taiwan pr. (shú)
謀: móu — 1. to plan 2. to seek 3. scheme
而且: ér qiě — 1. (not only ...) but also 2. moreover; in addition; furthermore (HSK 2)
以: Yǐ — abbr. for Israel 以色列 (Yǐ sè liè) (HSK 7-9)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
胡人: hú rén — 1. ethnic groups in the north and west of China in ancient times 2. foreigner 3. barbarian
現在: xiàn zài — now; at present; currently (HSK 1)
知道: zhī dào — 1. to know; to become aware of 2. also pr. (zhī dao) (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
錯: Cuò — surname Cuo (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
胡: Hú — surname Hu
應: Yīng — 1. surname Ying 2. Taiwan pr. (Yìng) (HSK 4)
作: zuō — 1. (bound form) worker 2. (bound form) workshop 3. (slang) troublesome; high-maintenance (person) (HSK 6)
祜: hù — celestial blessing
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
叔: shū — 1. uncle 2. father's younger brother 3. husband's younger brother 4. Taiwan pr. (shú)
謀: móu — 1. to plan 2. to seek 3. scheme
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
名: míng — 1. name 2. noun (part of speech) 3. place (e.g. among winners) 4. famous 5. classifier for people (HSK 2)
見: jiàn — 1. to see 2. to meet 3. to appear (to be sth) 4. to interview 5. opinion 6. view (HSK 1)
唐人: táng rén — (used in overseas Cantonese communities) Chinese person
李: Lǐ — surname Li
濟: Jǐ — 1. used in place names associated with the Ji River 濟水 (Jǐ Shuǐ) 2. surname Ji
翁: Wēng — surname Weng
做: zuò — 1. to make; to produce 2. to write; to compose 3. to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc) 4. (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, friends etc) 5. (of a thing) to serve as; to be used for 6. to assume (an air or manner) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
資: zī — 1. resources 2. capital 3. to provide 4. to supply 5. to support 6. money 7. expense
暇: xiá — leisure
集: jí — 1. to gather 2. to collect 3. collected works 4. classifier for sections of a TV series etc: episode (HSK 6)
卷: juǎn — 1. to roll up 2. (fig.) to sweep up; to engulf; to drag into (a situation) 3. (slang) to compete to an unhealthy degree; hypercompetitive 4. a roll 5. classifier for small rolled-up things (wad of paper money, movie reel etc) (HSK 4)
下: xià — 1. down 2. downwards 3. below 4. lower 5. later 6. next (week etc) 7. second (of two parts) 8. to decline 9. to go down 10. to arrive at (a decision, conclusion etc) 11. measure word to show the frequency of an action (HSK 1)
題: Tí — surname Ti (HSK 2)
云: yún — (classical) to say (HSK 2)
非: Fēi — abbr. for 非洲 (Fēi zhōu), Africa (HSK 4)
麻: Má — surname Ma (HSK 7-9)
胡: Hú — surname Hu
原文: yuán wén — original text
如: rú — 1. as 2. as if 3. such as (HSK 6)
次: cì — 1. next in sequence 2. second 3. the second (day, time etc) 4. secondary 5. vice- 6. sub- 7. infra- 8. inferior quality 9. substandard 10. order 11. sequence 12. hypo- (chemistry) 13. classifier for enumerated events: time (HSK 1)

，「」，，，。It turns out that my understanding was exactly the same as that of the "those who did not know the origin" in the Tang dynasty — ridiculed a thousand years in advance; truly a fault I deserved, and all I can do is smile bitterly.，？But I still do not know whether the stele or inscription of the Ma Hu Temple still exists today in Suiyang, or is preserved in the local gazetteers.，《》。If it does exist, we would surely be able to see accounts of his achievements that contradict what is recorded in the novel Kaihe Ji (Record of the Opening of the Canal).

原來: yuán lái — 1. original; former 2. originally; formerly; at first 3. so, actually, as it turns out (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
識見: shí jiàn — knowledge and experience
就正: jiù zhèng — (literary and deferential) to solicit comments (on one's writing)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
唐朝: Táng cháo — Tang dynasty (618-907)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
不知: bù zhī — 1. not to know 2. unaware 3. unknowingly 4. fig. not to admit (defeat, hardships, tiredness etc) (HSK 7-9)
其: qí — 1. his 2. her 3. its 4. their 5. that 6. such 7. it (refers to sth preceding it) (HSK 5)
源: yuán — 1. root 2. source 3. origin
者: zhě — 1. (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ... 2. (after a noun) person involved in ... 3. -er 4. -ist 5. (used after a number or 後 (hòu) or 前 (qián) to refer to sth mentioned previously) 6. (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term) 7. (old) (used at the end of a command) 8. (old) this
相同: xiāng tóng — identical; same (HSK 2)
貽: yí — 1. to present 2. to bequeath
譏: jī — to ridicule
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
千: qiān — thousand (HSK 2)
載: zǎi — 1. to record in writing 2. to carry (i.e. publish in a newspaper etc) 3. Taiwan pr. (zài) 4. year
之前: zhī qián — 1. before 2. prior to 3. ago 4. previously 5. beforehand (HSK 4)
真是: zhēn shi — 1. indeed; truly 2. (coll.) (used to express disapproval, annoyance etc)
咎有應得: jiù yǒu yīng dé — (idiom) to deserve what one gets (punishment, mishap etc)
只好: zhǐ hǎo — to have no other option but to ...; to have to; to be forced to (HSK 3)
苦笑: kǔ xiào — 1. to force a smile 2. a bitter laugh (HSK 7-9)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
不知: bù zhī — 1. not to know 2. unaware 3. unknowingly 4. fig. not to admit (defeat, hardships, tiredness etc) (HSK 7-9)
麻: Má — surname Ma (HSK 7-9)
祜: hù — celestial blessing
廟: miào — 1. temple 2. ancestral shrine 3. classifier: 座 (zuò) 4. temple fair 5. great imperial hall 6. imperial (HSK 7-9)
碑: bēi — 1. a monument 2. an upright stone tablet 3. stele 4. classifier: 塊 (kuài), 面 (miàn) (HSK 7-9)
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
碑文: bēi wén — inscription on a tablet
現今: xiàn jīn — 1. now 2. nowadays 3. modern
尚: Shàng — surname Shang (HSK 7-9)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
睢陽: Suī yáng — see 睢陽區 (Suī yáng Qū)
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
存: cún — 1. to exist 2. to deposit 3. to store 4. to keep 5. to survive (HSK 3)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
方志: fāng zhì — 1. local chronicles 2. district records
中: Zhōng — 1. (bound form) China; Chinese 2. surname Zhong (HSK 1)
否: fǒu — 1. to negate 2. to deny 3. not
倘: cháng — used in 倘佯 (cháng yáng)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
我們: wǒ men — we; us; ourselves; our (HSK 1)
當: dāng — 1. to be 2. to act as 3. manage 4. withstand 5. when 6. during 7. ought 8. should 9. match equally 10. equal 11. same 12. obstruct 13. just at (a time or place) 14. on the spot 15. right 16. just at (HSK 2)
可以: kě yǐ — 1. can 2. may 3. possible 4. able to 5. not bad 6. pretty good (HSK 2)
看見: kàn jiàn — to see; to catch sight of (HSK 1)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
小說: xiǎo shuō — 1. novel 2. fiction 3. classifier: 本 (běn), 部 (bù) (HSK 2)
開河: kāi hé — 1. to open a river 2. to dig a canal 3. to thaw (of river)
記: jì — 1. to record 2. to note 3. to memorize 4. to remember 5. mark 6. sign 7. classifier for blows, kicks, shots (HSK 1)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
載: zǎi — 1. to record in writing 2. to carry (i.e. publish in a newspaper etc) 3. Taiwan pr. (zài) 4. year
相反: xiāng fǎn — 1. opposite 2. contrary (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
功業: gōng yè — 1. achievement 2. outstanding work 3. glorious deed

，，。Wanting to find a few illustrations, I asked my friend Chang Weijun, who collected a great deal of material for me in Beijing, some of which I had never seen before.（1879）《》——：「。」，——。For instance, the Er Bai Si Shi Xiao Tu (Pictures of Two Hundred and Forty Filial Exemplars) compiled by Hu Wenbing of Suzhou in the jimao year of the Guangxu reign (1879) — the original book has a note saying "xi 卌 is read like xi 習" (I truly cannot understand why he did not simply say "forty" instead of going to such trouble) — is one such item.「」，，。The story of "Guo Ju Burying His Son," which I object to, had already been deleted by him several years before I was even born.：The preface says:

因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
想: xiǎng — 1. to think (about) 2. to think of; to devise 3. to think (that); to believe (that) 4. to desire; to want (to) 5. to miss (feel wistful about the absence of) (HSK 1)
尋: xún — 1. to search 2. to look for 3. to seek (HSK 7-9)
幾: jī — (literary) almost (HSK 1)
張: Zhāng — surname Zhang (HSK 3)
插畫: chā huà — illustration
常: Cháng — surname Chang (HSK 1)
維: Wéi — 1. abbr. for Uighur 維吾爾 (Wéi wú ěr) 2. surname Wei
鈞: jūn — 1. 30 catties 2. great 3. your (honorific)
兄: xiōng — elder brother
給: gěi — 1. to 2. for 3. for the benefit of 4. to give 5. to allow 6. to do sth (for sb) 7. (grammatical equivalent of 被) 8. (grammatical equivalent of 把) 9. (sentence intensifier) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
北京: Běi jīng — Beijing municipality, capital of the People's Republic of China (short name 京 (Jīng)) (HSK 1)
搜集: sōu jí — to gather; to collect (HSK 7-9)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
許多: xǔ duō — 1. many 2. a lot of 3. much (HSK 2)
材料: cái liào — 1. (raw) material 2. data 3. (fig.) person who has the potential to do the job (HSK 4)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
幾: jī — (literary) almost (HSK 1)
種: zhǒng — 1. seed 2. species 3. kind 4. type 5. classifier for types, kinds, sorts (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
未曾: wèi céng — hasn't (or haven't); hasn't ever
見: jiàn — 1. to see 2. to meet 3. to appear (to be sth) 4. to interview 5. opinion 6. view (HSK 1)
過: Guō — surname Guo (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
如: rú — 1. as 2. as if 3. such as (HSK 6)
光緒: Guāng xù — reign name of penultimate Qing emperor Guangxu or Guang-hsu (1875-1908)
己卯: jǐ mǎo — sixteenth year F4 of the 60 year cycle, e.g. 1999 or 2059
肅州: Sù zhōu — see 肅州區 (Sù zhōu Qū)
胡: Hú — surname Hu
文: Wén — surname Wen (HSK 7-9)
炳: bǐng — 1. bright 2. brilliant 3. luminous
作: zuō — 1. (bound form) worker 2. (bound form) workshop 3. (slang) troublesome; high-maintenance (person) (HSK 6)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
二: èr — 1. two 2. 2 3. (Beijing dialect) stupid (HSK 1)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
卌: xì — forty
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
原: Yuán — 1. surname Yuan 2. (Japanese surname) Hara (HSK 6)
書: Shū — abbr. for 書經 (Shū jīng) (HSK 1)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
注: zhù — 1. (bound form) to pour into; to flow into; to inject 2. (bound form) to focus (one's spirit, gaze etc) on a single point; to concentrate 3. (bound form) stake (in gambling) 4. classifier for stakes, sums of money, transactions or beams of light 5. variant of 註 (zhù) (HSK 7-9)
云: yún — (classical) to say (HSK 2)
卌: xì — forty
讀: dòu — 1. comma 2. phrase marked by pause (HSK 1)
如: rú — 1. as 2. as if 3. such as (HSK 6)
習: Xí — surname Xi
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
真: zhēn — 1. really 2. truly 3. indeed 4. real 5. true 6. genuine (HSK 1)
不解: bù jiě — 1. to not understand 2. to be puzzled by 3. indissoluble (HSK 7-9)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
何以: hé yǐ — 1. (literary) why 2. how
不: bù — 1. no; not so 2. (bound form) not; un- (HSK 1)
直: Zhí — 1. surname Zhi 2. Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 (Yán dì) descended from Shennong 神農 (Shén nóng) Farmer God (HSK 3)
稱: chèn — 1. to fit; to match; to suit 2. (coll.) to have; to possess 3. Taiwan pr. (chèng)
四十: sì shí — 1. forty 2. 40
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
必須: bì xū — 1. to have to 2. must 3. compulsory 4. necessarily (HSK 2)
如此: rú cǐ — like this; so; such (HSK 5)
麻煩: má fan — 1. trouble; inconvenience 2. inconvenient; troublesome; annoying 3. to bother sb; to put sb to trouble (HSK 3)
即: jí — 1. namely 2. that is 3. i.e. 4. prompt 5. at once 6. at present 7. even if 8. prompted (by the occasion) 9. to approach 10. to come into contact 11. to assume (office) 12. to draw near (HSK 7-9)
其一: qí yī — 1. one of the given (options etc) 2. the first 3. firstly
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
反對: fǎn duì — to oppose; to be against; to object to (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
郭: Guō — surname Guo
巨: jù — 1. very large; huge; tremendous; gigantic 2. (coll.) very; extremely
埋: mái — to bury (HSK 6)
兒: ér — 1. child 2. son
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
還: Huán — surname Huan (HSK 1)
未: wèi — 1. not yet 2. did not 3. have not 4. not 5. 8th earthly branch: 1-3 p.m., 6th solar month (7th July-6th August), year of the Sheep 6. ancient Chinese compass point: 210° (HSK 7-9)
出世: chū shì — 1. to be born 2. to come into being 3. to withdraw from worldly affairs
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
前: qián — 1. front 2. forward 3. ahead 4. first 5. top (followed by a number) 6. future 7. ago 8. before 9. BC (e.g. 前293年) 10. former 11. formerly (HSK 1)
幾年: jǐ nián — 1. a few years; several years 2. how many years?
已經: yǐ jīng — already (HSK 2)
刪去: shān qù — to delete
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
序: xù — 1. (bound form) order; sequence 2. (bound form) introductory; initial 3. preface (HSK 7-9)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
云: yún — (classical) to say (HSK 2)

，。The resolve and decisiveness of this old gentleman Hu of Suzhou truly command my admiration.，，，，。But I suspect this opinion has long been held by no small number of people; it is just that most of them did not dare to resolutely delete and revise, and commit it to writing.（1872）《》，，：For example, the Bai Xiao Tu (Pictures of a Hundred Filial Exemplars), printed in the eleventh year of the Tongzhi reign (1872), has a preface by Ji Chang Zheng Ji, which says:

這位: zhè wèi — this (person)
肅州: Sù zhōu — see 肅州區 (Sù zhōu Qū)
胡: Hú — surname Hu
老: lǎo — 1. prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family or to indicate affection or familiarity 2. old (of people) 3. venerable (person) 4. experienced 5. of long standing 6. always 7. all the time 8. of the past 9. very 10. outdated 11. (of meat etc) tough (HSK 1)
先生: xiān sheng — 1. teacher 2. gentleman; sir; mister (Mr.) 3. husband 4. (dialect) doctor 5. classifier: 位 (wèi) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
勇決: yǒng jué — 1. decisive 2. brave
委實: wěi shí — 1. indeed 2. really (very much so)
令: líng — 1. used in 脊令 (jí líng) 2. used in 令狐 (Líng hú) (Taiwan pr. (lìng)) (HSK 5)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
佩服: pèi fú — to admire (HSK 7-9)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
這種: zhè zhǒng — this kind of
意見: yì jiàn — 1. idea 2. opinion 3. suggestion 4. objection 5. complaint 6. classifier: 點 (diǎn), 條 (tiáo) (HSK 2)
恐怕: kǒng pà — 1. fear 2. to dread 3. I'm afraid that... 4. perhaps 5. maybe (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
懷抱: huái bào — 1. to hug 2. to cherish 3. within the bosom (of the family) 4. to embrace (also fig. an ideal, aspiration etc) (HSK 7-9)
者: zhě — 1. (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ... 2. (after a noun) person involved in ... 3. -er 4. -ist 5. (used after a number or 後 (hòu) or 前 (qián) to refer to sth mentioned previously) 6. (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term) 7. (old) (used at the end of a command) 8. (old) this
不乏: bù fá — there is no lack of
其: qí — 1. his 2. her 3. its 4. their 5. that 6. such 7. it (refers to sth preceding it) (HSK 5)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
而且: ér qiě — 1. (not only ...) but also 2. moreover; in addition; furthermore (HSK 2)
由來: yóu lái — origin (HSK 7-9)
已久: yǐ jiǔ — already a long time
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
不過: bù guò — 1. only 2. merely 3. no more than 4. but 5. however 6. anyway (to get back to a previous topic) 7. cannot be more (after adjectival) (HSK 2)
大抵: dà dǐ — 1. generally speaking 2. by and large 3. for the most part
不: bù — 1. no; not so 2. (bound form) not; un- (HSK 1)
敢: gǎn — 1. to dare 2. daring 3. (polite) may I venture (HSK 3)
毅然: yì rán — 1. firmly 2. resolutely 3. without hesitation (HSK 7-9)
刪改: shān gǎi — 1. to edit 2. to modify 3. to alter (written material)
筆: bǐ — 1. writing brush; writing implement (pen, pencil etc) (classifier: 支 (zhī), 枝 (zhī)) 2. brushstroke; stroke (in painting or calligraphy) 3. (bound form) style of writing; literary manner; technique of brushwork 4. (classifier) stroke of a Chinese character 5. (classifier) sum of money; financial transaction; piece of business 6. (literary) to write (with a brush or pen) (HSK 2)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
書: Shū — abbr. for 書經 (Shū jīng) (HSK 1)
如同: rú tóng — 1. like 2. as (HSK 5)
治: zhì — 1. to rule 2. to govern 3. to manage 4. to control 5. to harness (a river) 6. to treat (a disease) 7. to wipe out (a pest) 8. to punish 9. to research (HSK 4)
十一: Shí Yī — PRC National Day (October 1st)
年: Nián — surname Nian (HSK 1)
刻: kè — 1. quarter (hour) 2. moment 3. to carve 4. to engrave 5. to cut 6. oppressive 7. classifier for short time intervals (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
前: qián — 1. front 2. forward 3. ahead 4. first 5. top (followed by a number) 6. future 7. ago 8. before 9. BC (e.g. 前293年) 10. former 11. formerly (HSK 1)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
紀: Jǐ — 1. surname Ji 2. also pr. (Jì)
常: Cháng — surname Chang (HSK 1)
鄭: Zhèng — 1. Zheng, a Zhou-dynasty state in the vicinity of present-day Xinzheng 新鄭 (Xīn zhèng), a county-level city in Henan 2. abbr. for Zhengzhou 鄭州 (Zhèng zhōu), the capital of Henan 3. surname Zheng
績: jì — 1. to spin (hemp etc) 2. merit 3. accomplishment 4. Taiwan pr. (jī)
序: xù — 1. (bound form) order; sequence 2. (bound form) introductory; initial 3. preface (HSK 7-9)
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)

「」，。This makes it perfectly clear that already during the Tongzhi era there were people who regarded matters like "burying the son" as "cruel-hearted and contrary to reason."「」，，：，。As for what this Mr. "Ji Chang Zheng Ji" actually meant, I still do not quite understand; perhaps it is something like saying: such things need not be imitated nowadays, but one need not say they were wrong either.

則: zé — 1. (literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then 2. (bound form) standard; norm 3. (bound form) principle 4. (literary) to imitate; to follow 5. classifier for written items (HSK 7-9)
同治: Tóng zhì — reign name of Qing emperor (1861-1875)
年間: nián jiān — 1. in the years of 2. during those years 3. period (of dynasty or decade)
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
有人: yǒu rén — 1. someone 2. people 3. anyone 4. there is someone there 5. occupied (as in restroom) (HSK 2)
以: Yǐ — abbr. for Israel 以色列 (Yǐ sè liè) (HSK 7-9)
埋: mái — to bury (HSK 6)
兒: ér — 1. child 2. son
等: děng — 1. to wait for; to await 2. by the time; when; till 3. and so on; etc.; et al. 4. (bound form) class; rank; grade 5. (bound form) equal to; same as 6. (used to end an enumeration) 7. (literary) (plural suffix attached to a personal pronoun or noun) (HSK 1)
事: shì — 1. matter 2. thing 3. item 4. work 5. affair 6. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng), 回 (huí) (HSK 1)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
忍心: rěn xīn — 1. to have the heart to do sth 2. to steel oneself to a task (HSK 7-9)
害: hài — 1. to do harm to 2. to cause trouble to 3. harm 4. evil 5. calamity (HSK 5)
理: lǐ — 1. texture 2. grain (of wood) 3. inner essence 4. intrinsic order 5. reason 6. logic 7. truth 8. science 9. natural science (esp. physics) 10. to manage 11. to pay attention to 12. to run (affairs) 13. to handle 14. to put in order 15. to tidy up (HSK 6)
灼: zhuó — 1. to burn; to sear; to scorch 2. (bound form) bright; luminous
然: rán — 1. correct 2. right 3. so 4. thus 5. like this 6. -ly
可知: kě zhī — 1. evidently 2. clearly 3. no wonder 4. knowable
至于: zhì yú — 1. as for 2. as to 3. to go so far as to (HSK 6)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
位: wèi — 1. position 2. location 3. place 4. seat 5. classifier for people (honorific) 6. classifier for binary bits (e.g. 十六位 16-bit or 2 bytes) 7. (physics) potential (HSK 2)
紀: Jǐ — 1. surname Ji 2. also pr. (Jì)
常: Cháng — surname Chang (HSK 1)
鄭: Zhèng — 1. Zheng, a Zhou-dynasty state in the vicinity of present-day Xinzheng 新鄭 (Xīn zhèng), a county-level city in Henan 2. abbr. for Zhengzhou 鄭州 (Zhèng zhōu), the capital of Henan 3. surname Zheng
績: jì — 1. to spin (hemp etc) 2. merit 3. accomplishment 4. Taiwan pr. (jī)
先生: xiān sheng — 1. teacher 2. gentleman; sir; mister (Mr.) 3. husband 4. (dialect) doctor 5. classifier: 位 (wèi) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
意思: yì si — 1. idea 2. opinion 3. meaning 4. wish 5. desire 6. interest 7. fun 8. token of appreciation, affection etc 9. classifier: 個 (gè) 10. to give as a small token 11. to do sth as a gesture of goodwill etc (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
還是: hái shi — 1. still (as before) 2. had better 3. unexpectedly 4. or (HSK 1)
不大: bù dà — 1. not very (clear, far away etc); not too 2. not often; infrequently (HSK 1)
懂: dǒng — 1. to understand 2. to comprehend (HSK 2)
或者: huò zhě — 1. or 2. possibly; maybe; perhaps (HSK 2)
像: xiàng — 1. to resemble 2. to be like 3. to look as if 4. such as 5. appearance 6. image 7. portrait 8. image under a mapping (math.) (HSK 2)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
這些: zhè xiē — these (HSK 1)
事: shì — 1. matter 2. thing 3. item 4. work 5. affair 6. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng), 回 (huí) (HSK 1)
現在: xiàn zài — now; at present; currently (HSK 1)
可以: kě yǐ — 1. can 2. may 3. possible 4. able to 5. not bad 6. pretty good (HSK 2)
不必: bù bì — 1. need not 2. does not have to 3. not necessarily (HSK 3)
學: xué — 1. to learn 2. to study 3. to imitate 4. science 5. -ology (HSK 1)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
不必: bù bì — 1. need not 2. does not have to 3. not necessarily (HSK 3)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
錯: Cuò — surname Cuo (HSK 1)

《》，「」《》。The origin of this Bai Xiao Tu is somewhat unusual: it was made after seeing the Bai Mei Xin Yong (New Songs of a Hundred Beauties) by "Yan Zi of Guangdong."，。Others prized beauty, while he himself prized filial piety — his zeal in defending the Way may be called extreme indeed.「」，，——：。Although it was "compiled by Yu Baozhen Lanpu of Kuaiji," who shares my native place — still I must honestly say: it is not very accomplished.，：「」。For example, regarding the source of the story of Mulan joining the army, his note says: "Sui Shi" (History of the Sui).，；No book by such a title exists today;《》，。and if he meant the Sui Shu (Book of Sui), that work contains no account of Mulan joining the army.

這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
部: bù — 1. ministry 2. department 3. section 4. part 5. division 6. troops 7. board 8. classifier for works of literature, films, machines etc (HSK 3)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
起源: qǐ yuán — 1. origin 2. to originate 3. to come from (HSK 7-9)
有點: yǒu diǎn — a little
特別: tè bié — 1. unusual; special 2. very; especially; particularly 3. expressly; for a specific purpose 4. (often followed by 是 (shì)) in particular (HSK 2)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
見: jiàn — 1. to see 2. to meet 3. to appear (to be sth) 4. to interview 5. opinion 6. view (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
粵: Yuè — 1. Cantonese 2. short name for Guangdong 廣東 (Guǎng dōng)
東: Dōng — surname Dong (HSK 1)
顏: Yán — surname Yan
子: zǐ — 1. son 2. child 3. seed 4. egg 5. small thing 6. 1st earthly branch: 11 p.m.–1 a.m., midnight, 11th solar month (7th December to 5th January), year of the rat 7. viscount, fourth of five orders of nobility 五等爵位 (wǔ děng jué wèi) 8. ancient Chinese compass point: 0° (north) 9. subsidiary; subordinate; (prefix) sub-
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
美: Měi — 1. (bound form) the Americas (abbr. for 美洲 (Měi zhōu)) 2. (bound form) USA (abbr. for 美國 (Měi guó)) (HSK 3)
新: Xīn — 1. abbr. for Xinjiang 新疆 (Xīn jiāng) 2. abbr. for Singapore 新加坡 (Xīn jiā pō) 3. surname Xin (HSK 1)
詠: yǒng — to sing
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
作: zuō — 1. (bound form) worker 2. (bound form) workshop 3. (slang) troublesome; high-maintenance (person) (HSK 6)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
重: chóng — 1. to repeat 2. repetition 3. again 4. re- 5. classifier: layer (HSK 1)
色: sè — 1. color 2. classifier: 種 (zhǒng) 3. look 4. appearance 5. sex (HSK 4)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
己: jǐ — 1. self 2. oneself 3. sixth of the ten Heavenly Stems 十天干 (shí tiān gān) 4. sixth in order 5. letter "F" or Roman "VI" in list "A, B, C", or "I, II, III" etc 6. hexa
重孝: zhòng xiào — mourning dress
衛道: wèi dào — to defend traditional values
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
盛: Shèng — surname Sheng (HSK 7-9)
心: xīn — 1. heart 2. mind 3. intention 4. center 5. core 6. classifier: 顆 (kē), 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
可謂: kě wèi — it could even be said (HSK 7-9)
至: zhì — 1. to arrive 2. most 3. to 4. until (HSK 5)
矣: yǐ — classical final particle, similar to modern 了 (le) (HSK 7-9)
雖然: suī rán — although; even though (often used correlatively with 可是 (kě shì) or 但是 (dàn shì) etc) (HSK 2)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
會: huì — 1. can; to have the skill; to know how to 2. to be likely to; to be sure to 3. to meet; to get together 4. meeting; gathering 5. (suffix) union; group; association 6. (bound form) a moment (Taiwan pr. (huǐ)) (HSK 1)
稽: Jī — surname Ji
俞: Yú — surname Yu
葆: bǎo — 1. dense foliage 2. to cover
真: zhēn — 1. really 2. truly 3. indeed 4. real 5. true 6. genuine (HSK 1)
蘭: Lán — 1. surname Lan 2. abbr. for Lanzhou 蘭州 (Lán zhōu), Gansu
浦: Pǔ — surname Pu
編輯: biān jí — 1. to edit 2. to compile 3. editor 4. compiler (HSK 5)
與: yú — variant of 歟 (yú) (HSK 6)
不佞: bù nìng — 1. without eloquence 2. untalented 3. I, me (humble)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
同鄉: tóng xiāng — person from the same village, town, or province
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
誼: yì — 1. friendship 2. also pr. (yí)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
還: Huán — surname Huan (HSK 1)
只得: zhǐ dé — to have no alternative but to; to be obliged to (HSK 6)
老實說: lǎo shí shuō — honestly speaking; to be frank, ... (HSK 7-9)
不大: bù dà — 1. not very (clear, far away etc); not too 2. not often; infrequently (HSK 1)
高明: Gāo míng — see 高明區 (Gāo míng Qū) (HSK 7-9)
例如: lì rú — for example; for instance; such as (HSK 2)
木蘭: Mù lán — 1. see 木蘭縣 (Mù lán Xiàn) 2. see 花木蘭 (Huā Mù lán)
從軍: cóng jūn — 1. to enlist 2. to serve in the army
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
出: chū — 1. to go out; to come out 2. to arise; to occur 3. to produce; to yield 4. to go beyond; to exceed 5. (used after a verb to indicate an outward direction or a positive result) 6. classifier for dramas, plays, operas etc (HSK 1)
典: diǎn — 1. canon 2. law 3. standard work of scholarship 4. literary quotation or allusion 5. ceremony 6. to be in charge of 7. to mortgage or pawn
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
注: zhù — 1. (bound form) to pour into; to flow into; to inject 2. (bound form) to focus (one's spirit, gaze etc) on a single point; to concentrate 3. (bound form) stake (in gambling) 4. classifier for stakes, sums of money, transactions or beams of light 5. variant of 註 (zhù) (HSK 7-9)
云: yún — (classical) to say (HSK 2)
隋: Suí — 1. the Sui dynasty (581–617 AD) 2. surname Sui
史: Shǐ — surname Shi
這樣: zhè yàng — 1. this way; like this; so 2. (before a noun) this kind of; such (HSK 2)
名目: míng mù — 1. name 2. designation 3. item 4. rubric 5. (formal usage) fame
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
書: Shū — abbr. for 書經 (Shū jīng) (HSK 1)
現今: xiàn jīn — 1. now 2. nowadays 3. modern
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
沒有: méi yǒu — 1. haven't 2. hasn't 3. doesn't exist 4. to not have 5. to not be (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
倘: cháng — used in 倘佯 (cháng yáng)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
隋書: Suí shū — History of the Sui Dynasty, thirteenth of the 24 dynastic histories 二十四史 (Èr shí sì Shǐ), compiled under Wei Zheng 魏徵 (Wèi Zhēng) in 636 during Tang Dynasty, 85 scrolls
那裏: nà li — there; that place (HSK 1)
面: miàn — 1. face 2. side 3. surface 4. aspect 5. top 6. classifier for objects with flat surfaces such as drums, mirrors, flags etc
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
沒有: méi yǒu — 1. haven't 2. hasn't 3. doesn't exist 4. to not have 5. to not be (HSK 1)
木蘭: Mù lán — 1. see 木蘭縣 (Mù lán Xiàn) 2. see 花木蘭 (Huā Mù lán)
從軍: cóng jūn — 1. to enlist 2. to serve in the army
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
事: shì — 1. matter 2. thing 3. item 4. work 5. affair 6. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng), 回 (huí) (HSK 1)

（1920），，：《》。Yet in the ninth year of the Republic of China (1920), a Shanghai bookshop went and reprinted it lithographically, adding two characters each before and after the title: Nannü Bai Xiao Tu Quan Zhuan (The Complete Illustrated Biographies of a Hundred Filial Men and Women).：。On the first leaf there is also a line of small print reading: "A fine model for family education."「」，「」：A preface was also added, "respectfully noted by Wang Ding, the Great Blunderer of Wuxia," which at the outset voices the same kind of lament as Mr. "Ji Chang Zheng Ji" of the Tongzhi era:

而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
中華民國: Zhōng huá Mín guó — Republic of China
九: jiǔ — 1. nine 2. 9 (HSK 1)
年: Nián — surname Nian (HSK 1)
上海: Shàng hǎi — Shanghai municipality (short name 滬 (Hù))
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
書店: shū diàn — 1. bookstore 2. classifier: 家 (jiā) (HSK 1)
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
偏偏: piān piān — 1. (indicating that sth turns out just the opposite of what one would wish) unfortunately; as it happened 2. (indicating that sth is the opposite of what would be normal or reasonable) stubbornly; contrarily; against reason 3. (indicating that sb or a group is singled out) precisely; only; of all people (HSK 7-9)
將: jiāng — 1. will 2. shall 3. to use 4. to take 5. to checkmate 6. just a short while ago 7. (introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把 (bǎ)) (HSK 5)
牠: tā — it (pronoun for an animal) (HSK 2)
用: yòng — 1. to use; to make use of; to employ 2. (coverb) with; using 3. to need; to have to (usu. used in the negative or in questions) 4. usefulness; utility 5. (bound form) expense; outlay 6. (courteous) to eat; to drink 7. (literary) hence; therefore (HSK 1)
石印: shí yìn — 1. lithography 2. lithographic printing
翻印: fān yìn — to reprint (generally without authorization)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
書名: shū míng — 1. name of a book 2. reputation as calligrapher
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
前後: qián hòu — 1. around 2. from beginning to end 3. all around 4. front and rear (HSK 3)
各: gè — 1. each 2. every (HSK 3)
添: tiān — to add; to increase; to replenish (HSK 6)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
兩: liǎng — 1. two 2. both 3. some 4. a few 5. tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤 (jīn) (old) (HSK 1)
個: gě — used in 自個兒 (zì gě r) (HSK 1)
字: zì — 1. letter 2. symbol 3. character 4. word 5. classifier: 個 (gè) 6. courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China (HSK 1)
男女: nán nǚ — 1. male-female 2. male and female (HSK 4)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
全: Quán — surname Quan (HSK 2)
傳: chuán — 1. to pass on 2. to spread 3. to transmit 4. to infect 5. to transfer 6. to circulate 7. to conduct (electricity) (HSK 3)
第一: dì yī — 1. first 2. most important; primary; foremost
葉: Yè — surname Ye
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
還有: hái yǒu — 1. there still remain(s); there is (or are) still 2. in addition (HSK 1)
一行: yī xíng — 1. party 2. delegation (HSK 6)
小: xiǎo — 1. small 2. tiny 3. few 4. young (HSK 1)
字: zì — 1. letter 2. symbol 3. character 4. word 5. classifier: 個 (gè) 6. courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China (HSK 1)
道: dào — 1. road; path (classifier: 條 (tiáo), 股 (gǔ)) 2. (bound form) way; reason; principle 3. (bound form) a skill; an art; a specialization 4. (Daoism) the Way; the Dao 5. to say (introducing a direct quotation, as in a novel) 6. (bound form) to express; to extend (polite words) 7. classifier for long thin things (rivers, cracks, shadows etc), barriers (walls, doors etc), questions (in an exam etc), commands, courses in a meal, steps in a process 8. (old) circuit (administrative division) (HSK 2)
家庭: jiā tíng — 1. family; household 2. classifier: 戶 (hù) (HSK 2)
教育: jiào yù — 1. to educate 2. to teach 3. education (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
好: hǎo — 1. good 2. appropriate; proper 3. all right! 4. (before a verb) easy to 5. (before a verb) good to 6. (before an adjective for exclamatory effect) so 7. (verb complement indicating completion) 8. (of two people) close; on intimate terms 9. (after a personal pronoun) hello (HSK 1)
模範: mó fàn — 1. model 2. fine example (HSK 5)
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
加: Jiā — 1. Canada (abbr. for 加拿大 (Jiā ná dà)) 2. surname Jia (HSK 2)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
篇: piān — 1. sheet 2. piece of writing 3. bound set of bamboo slips used for record keeping (old) 4. classifier for written items: chapter, article (HSK 2)
吳: Wú — 1. surname Wu 2. area comprising southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and Shanghai 3. name of states in southern China at different historical periods
下: xià — 1. down 2. downwards 3. below 4. lower 5. later 6. next (week etc) 7. second (of two parts) 8. to decline 9. to go down 10. to arrive at (a decision, conclusion etc) 11. measure word to show the frequency of an action (HSK 1)
大錯: dà cuò — blunder
王: Wáng — surname Wang (HSK 4)
鼎: dǐng — 1. ancient cooking cauldron with two looped handles and three or four legs 2. pot (dialect) 3. to enter upon a period of (classical) 4. Kangxi radical 206 5. one of the 64 hexagrams of the Book of Changes
謹: jǐn — 1. cautious 2. careful 3. solemnly 4. sincerely (formal)
識: shí — 1. to know 2. knowledge 3. Taiwan pr. (shì) (HSK 6)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
序: xù — 1. (bound form) order; sequence 2. (bound form) introductory; initial 3. preface (HSK 7-9)
開首: kāi shǒu — 1. beginning 2. start 3. opening 4. in the beginning 5. to start 6. to open
先發: xiān fā — 1. to take preemptive action 2. (sports) to be in the starting lineup 3. (of a baseball pitcher) to be the starting pitcher
同治: Tóng zhì — reign name of Qing emperor (1861-1875)
年間: nián jiān — 1. in the years of 2. during those years 3. period (of dynasty or decade)
紀: Jǐ — 1. surname Ji 2. also pr. (Jì)
常: Cháng — surname Chang (HSK 1)
鄭: Zhèng — 1. Zheng, a Zhou-dynasty state in the vicinity of present-day Xinzheng 新鄭 (Xīn zhèng), a county-level city in Henan 2. abbr. for Zhengzhou 鄭州 (Zhèng zhōu), the capital of Henan 3. surname Zheng
績: jì — 1. to spin (hemp etc) 2. merit 3. accomplishment 4. Taiwan pr. (jī)
先生: xiān sheng — 1. teacher 2. gentleman; sir; mister (Mr.) 3. husband 4. (dialect) doctor 5. classifier: 位 (wèi) (HSK 1)
一流: yī liú — 1. top quality 2. front ranking (HSK 5)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
感慨: gǎn kǎi — 1. to sigh with sorrow, regret etc 2. rueful 3. deeply moved (HSK 7-9)

「」，，「」，。In fact, Chen Shubao was muddled to the point of seeming to have "no conscience whatsoever" — that may well be true, but to pair him up with "cruel-hearted and contrary to reason" seems rather unfair to him.「」「」。This refers to several people's comments on the stories of "Guo Ju Burying His Son" and "Li E Throwing Herself into the Furnace."

其實: qí shí — actually; in fact; really (HSK 3)
陳: Chén — 1. surname Chen 2. Chen (c. 1045 – 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state 3. Chen (557–589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝 (Nán Cháo)
叔: shū — 1. uncle 2. father's younger brother 3. husband's younger brother 4. Taiwan pr. (shú)
寶: bǎo — 1. jewel 2. gem 3. treasure 4. precious (HSK 4)
模胡: mó hu — variant of 模糊 (mó hu)
到: dào — 1. to reach; to arrive 2. to leave for; to go to 3. to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point) 4. (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point) 5. considerate; thoughtful; thorough (HSK 1)
好像: hǎo xiàng — 1. as if 2. to seem like (HSK 2)
全無: quán wú — 1. none 2. completely without
心肝: xīn gān — 1. darling 2. (in negative sentences) heart 3. humanity
或者: huò zhě — 1. or 2. possibly; maybe; perhaps (HSK 2)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
若: rě — 1. used in 般若 (bō rě) 2. used in 蘭若 (lán rě) (HSK 6)
拉: lā — 1. to pull 2. to play (a bowed instrument) 3. to drag 4. to draw 5. to chat 6. (coll.) to empty one's bowels (HSK 2)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
配: pèi — 1. to join 2. to fit 3. to mate 4. to mix 5. to match 6. to deserve 7. to make up (a prescription) 8. to allocate (HSK 3)
忍心: rěn xīn — 1. to have the heart to do sth 2. to steel oneself to a task (HSK 7-9)
害: hài — 1. to do harm to 2. to cause trouble to 3. harm 4. evil 5. calamity (HSK 5)
理: lǐ — 1. texture 2. grain (of wood) 3. inner essence 4. intrinsic order 5. reason 6. logic 7. truth 8. science 9. natural science (esp. physics) 10. to manage 11. to pay attention to 12. to run (affairs) 13. to handle 14. to put in order 15. to tidy up (HSK 6)
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
未免: wèi miǎn — 1. unavoidably 2. can't help 3. really 4. rather (HSK 7-9)
有些: yǒu xiē — 1. some 2. somewhat; rather; a bit
冤枉: yuān wang — 1. to accuse wrongly 2. to treat unjustly 3. injustice 4. wronged 5. not worthwhile (HSK 7-9)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
幾個: jǐ ge — 1. a few 2. several 3. how many
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
以: Yǐ — abbr. for Israel 以色列 (Yǐ sè liè) (HSK 7-9)
評: píng — 1. to discuss 2. to comment 3. to criticize 4. to judge 5. to choose (by public appraisal) (HSK 6)
郭: Guō — surname Guo
巨: jù — 1. very large; huge; tremendous; gigantic 2. (coll.) very; extremely
埋: mái — to bury (HSK 6)
兒: ér — 1. child 2. son
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
李: Lǐ — surname Li
娥: é — 1. good 2. beautiful
投: tóu — 1. to throw (sth in a specific direction: ball, javelin, grenade etc) 2. to cast (a ballot) 3. to cast (a glance, a shadow etc) 4. to put in (money for investment, a coin to operate a slot machine) 5. to send (a letter, a manuscript etc) 6. to throw oneself into (a river, a well etc to commit suicide) 7. to go to; to seek refuge; to place oneself into the hands of 8. (coll.) to rinse (clothes) in water (HSK 4)
爐: lú — 1. stove 2. furnace
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
事: shì — 1. matter 2. thing 3. item 4. work 5. affair 6. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng), 回 (huí) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)

，。As for the human heart, in a few respects it does indeed seem to be growing thinner and more careless.《》，《》，「」。Ever since the appearance of works like The Secrets of Men and Women and A New Discourse on Sexual Intercourse Between Men and Women, quite a few book titles in Shanghai have taken a liking to putting the words "men and women" at the front.「」《》。Now even the Bai Xiao Tu, meant "to rectify the human heart and enrich public morals," has had it added on.《》「」。This is probably something that Mr. "Yu Baozhen Lanpu of Kuaiji," who taught filial piety out of displeasure with the Bai Mei Xin Yong, could never have anticipated.

至于: zhì yú — 1. as for 2. as to 3. to go so far as to (HSK 6)
人心: rén xīn — 1. popular feeling 2. the will of the people
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
幾點: jǐ diǎn — 1. what time? 2. when?
確: què — 1. authenticated 2. solid 3. firm 4. real 5. true
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
似乎: sì hū — it seems; seemingly; as if (HSK 4)
正在: zhèng zài — to be in the process of (doing sth); to be currently ...-ing (HSK 1)
澆: jiāo — 1. to pour liquid 2. to irrigate (using waterwheel) 3. to water 4. to cast (molten metal) 5. to mold (HSK 7-9)
漓: lí — 1. pattering (of rain) 2. seep through
起來: qǐ lai — 1. to stand up; to get up 2. also pr. (qǐ lái) (HSK 1)
自從: zì cóng — 1. since (a time) 2. ever since (HSK 3)
男女: nán nǚ — 1. male-female 2. male and female (HSK 4)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
秘密: mì mì — 1. secret; private; confidential; clandestine 2. a secret (HSK 4)
男女: nán nǚ — 1. male-female 2. male and female (HSK 4)
交合: jiāo hé — 1. to join; to meet 2. to copulate; sexual intercourse
新: Xīn — 1. abbr. for Xinjiang 新疆 (Xīn jiāng) 2. abbr. for Singapore 新加坡 (Xīn jiā pō) 3. surname Xin (HSK 1)
論: Lún — abbr. for 論語 (Lún yǔ), The Analects (of Confucius)
出現: chū xiàn — 1. to appear 2. to arise 3. to emerge 4. to show up (HSK 2)
後: hòu — 1. back 2. behind 3. rear 4. afterwards 5. after 6. later 7. post- (HSK 1)
上海: Shàng hǎi — Shanghai municipality (short name 滬 (Hù))
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
很: hěn — 1. very; quite 2. (also, often used before an adjective without intensifying its meaning, i.e. as a meaningless syntactic element) (HSK 1)
有些: yǒu xiē — 1. some 2. somewhat; rather; a bit
書名: shū míng — 1. name of a book 2. reputation as calligrapher
喜歡: xǐ huan — to like; to be fond of (HSK 1)
用: yòng — 1. to use; to make use of; to employ 2. (coverb) with; using 3. to need; to have to (usu. used in the negative or in questions) 4. usefulness; utility 5. (bound form) expense; outlay 6. (courteous) to eat; to drink 7. (literary) hence; therefore (HSK 1)
男女: nán nǚ — 1. male-female 2. male and female (HSK 4)
二: èr — 1. two 2. 2 3. (Beijing dialect) stupid (HSK 1)
字: zì — 1. letter 2. symbol 3. character 4. word 5. classifier: 個 (gè) 6. courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China (HSK 1)
冠: Guàn — surname Guan
首: shǒu — 1. head 2. chief 3. first (occasion, thing etc) 4. classifier for poems, songs etc (HSK 4)
現在: xiàn zài — now; at present; currently (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
連: Lián — surname Lian (HSK 3)
以: Yǐ — abbr. for Israel 以色列 (Yǐ sè liè) (HSK 7-9)
正人: zhèng rén — 1. upstanding person 2. upright person
心: xīn — 1. heart 2. mind 3. intention 4. center 5. core 6. classifier: 顆 (kē), 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
厚: hòu — 1. thick 2. deep or profound 3. kind 4. generous 5. rich or strong in flavor 6. to favor 7. to stress (HSK 4)
風俗: fēng sú — 1. social custom 2. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
加上: jiā shàng — 1. plus 2. to put in 3. to add 4. to add on 5. to add into 6. in addition 7. on top of that (HSK 5)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
大概: dà gài — 1. roughly 2. probably 3. rough 4. approximate 5. about 6. general idea (HSK 3)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
不滿: bù mǎn — 1. dissatisfied; discontented; resentful 2. (before a number) to be less than (HSK 2)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
美: Měi — 1. (bound form) the Americas (abbr. for 美洲 (Měi zhōu)) 2. (bound form) USA (abbr. for 美國 (Měi guó)) (HSK 3)
新: Xīn — 1. abbr. for Xinjiang 新疆 (Xīn jiāng) 2. abbr. for Singapore 新加坡 (Xīn jiā pō) 3. surname Xin (HSK 1)
詠: yǒng — to sing
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
教: Jiào — surname Jiao (HSK 1)
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
會: huì — 1. can; to have the skill; to know how to 2. to be likely to; to be sure to 3. to meet; to get together 4. meeting; gathering 5. (suffix) union; group; association 6. (bound form) a moment (Taiwan pr. (huǐ)) (HSK 1)
稽: Jī — surname Ji
俞: Yú — surname Yu
葆: bǎo — 1. dense foliage 2. to cover
真: zhēn — 1. really 2. truly 3. indeed 4. real 5. true 6. genuine (HSK 1)
蘭: Lán — 1. surname Lan 2. abbr. for Lanzhou 蘭州 (Lán zhōu), Gansu
浦: Pǔ — surname Pu
先生: xiān sheng — 1. teacher 2. gentleman; sir; mister (Mr.) 3. husband 4. (dialect) doctor 5. classifier: 位 (wèi) (HSK 1)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
不及: bù jí — 1. to fall short of 2. not as good as 3. too late
料: liào — 1. material 2. stuff 3. grain 4. feed 5. to expect 6. to anticipate 7. to guess (HSK 6)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
罷: bà — 1. to stop 2. to cease 3. to dismiss 4. to suspend 5. to quit 6. to finish

「」「」，，——。To go from speaking of filial piety, "foremost of the hundred virtues," and suddenly drag it over to "men and women," seems rather improper too — thin and careless indeed.，——。But I still want to take this opportunity to say a few words on the subject — sparing as few words as I possibly can, of course.

從: Cóng — surname Cong (HSK 1)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
行: háng — 1. (bound form) row; line 2. (bound form) line of business; trade; profession 3. (bound form) commercial firm 4. (bound form) to rank (first, second etc) among one's siblings (by age) 5. (in data tables) row; (Tw) column 6. classifier for rows or lines (HSK 1)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
先: xiān — 1. beforehand; first; earlier 2. at first; originally 3. for the time being; for now 4. (prefix) my late (in referring to deceased relatives older than oneself) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
忽然: hū rán — suddenly; all of a sudden (HSK 2)
拉: lā — 1. to pull 2. to play (a bowed instrument) 3. to drag 4. to draw 5. to chat 6. (coll.) to empty one's bowels (HSK 2)
到: dào — 1. to reach; to arrive 2. to leave for; to go to 3. to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point) 4. (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point) 5. considerate; thoughtful; thorough (HSK 1)
男女: nán nǚ — 1. male-female 2. male and female (HSK 4)
上去: shàng qù — to go up (HSK 3)
彷彿: fǎng fú — 1. to seem; as if; seemingly 2. alike; similar (HSK 6)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
近乎: jìn hu — 1. close to 2. intimate
不: bù — 1. no; not so 2. (bound form) not; un- (HSK 1)
莊重: zhuāng zhòng — 1. grave 2. solemn 3. dignified
澆: jiāo — 1. to pour liquid 2. to irrigate (using waterwheel) 3. to water 4. to cast (molten metal) 5. to mold (HSK 7-9)
漓: lí — 1. pattering (of rain) 2. seep through
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
總: zǒng — 1. (bound form) general; overall 2. to sum up 3. in every case; always; invariably 4. anyway; after all; eventually; sooner or later 5. surely 6. (after a person's name) abbr. for 總經理 (zǒng jīng lǐ) or 總編 (zǒng biān) etc (HSK 3)
還: Huán — surname Huan (HSK 1)
想: xiǎng — 1. to think (about) 2. to think of; to devise 3. to think (that); to believe (that) 4. to desire; to want (to) 5. to miss (feel wistful about the absence of) (HSK 1)
趁便: chèn biàn — 1. to take the opportunity 2. in passing
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
幾: jī — (literary) almost (HSK 1)
句: gōu — variant of 勾 (gōu) (HSK 2)
自然: zì rán — 1. nature 2. natural 3. naturally (HSK 3)
竭力: jié lì — to do one's utmost (HSK 7-9)
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
減: jiǎn — 1. to lower 2. to decrease 3. to reduce 4. to subtract 5. to diminish (HSK 4)
省: shěng — 1. to save; to economize; to be frugal 2. to omit; to delete; to leave out 3. province 4. provincial capital 5. a ministry (of the Japanese government) (HSK 2)

「」，，。I daresay that even in the case of the "foremost of the hundred virtues," we Chinese are not necessarily incapable of thinking about men and women all the same.，，「」，，。In times of peace and idleness, when there are many people with time on their hands, if someone happens to "sacrifice his life for benevolence, give up his life for righteousness," the person himself may be too preoccupied to attend to appearances, but the living bystanders will always subject it to minute scrutiny.，，，。That Cao E threw herself into the river to search for her father, and after drowning emerged clasping her father's corpse, is recorded in the official histories and known to a great many people.「」。But this single word "clasp" has given rise to a problem.

我們: wǒ men — we; us; ourselves; our (HSK 1)
中國人: Zhōng guó rén — Chinese person
即使: jí shǐ — even if; even though (HSK 5)
對: duì — 1. right; correct 2. towards; at; for 3. concerning; regarding 4. to treat (sb a certain way) 5. to face 6. (bound form) opposite; facing; matching 7. to match together; to adjust 8. to fit; to suit 9. to answer; to reply 10. to add; to pour in (a fluid) 11. to check; to compare 12. classifier: couple; pair (HSK 1)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
行: háng — 1. (bound form) row; line 2. (bound form) line of business; trade; profession 3. (bound form) commercial firm 4. (bound form) to rank (first, second etc) among one's siblings (by age) 5. (in data tables) row; (Tw) column 6. classifier for rows or lines (HSK 1)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
先: xiān — 1. beforehand; first; earlier 2. at first; originally 3. for the time being; for now 4. (prefix) my late (in referring to deceased relatives older than oneself) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
敢: gǎn — 1. to dare 2. daring 3. (polite) may I venture (HSK 3)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
未必: wèi bì — 1. not necessarily 2. maybe not (HSK 4)
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
不想: bù xiǎng — unexpectedly; to one's surprise
到: dào — 1. to reach; to arrive 2. to leave for; to go to 3. to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point) 4. (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point) 5. considerate; thoughtful; thorough (HSK 1)
男女: nán nǚ — 1. male-female 2. male and female (HSK 4)
上去: shàng qù — to go up (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
太平: Tài píng — see 太平區 (Tài píng Qū) (HSK 7-9)
無: mó — used in 南無 (nā mó) (HSK 4)
事: shì — 1. matter 2. thing 3. item 4. work 5. affair 6. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng), 回 (huí) (HSK 1)
閒人: xián rén — 1. idle person; idler 2. person who has no legitimate reason to be in a certain place
很: hěn — 1. very; quite 2. (also, often used before an adjective without intensifying its meaning, i.e. as a meaningless syntactic element) (HSK 1)
多: duō — 1. many; much; more; a lot of 2. too many; in excess 3. (after a numeral) ... odd 4. how (to what extent) (Taiwan pr. (duó)) 5. (bound form) multi-; poly- (HSK 1)
偶: ǒu — 1. accidental 2. image 3. pair 4. mate
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
殺身成仁: shā shēn chéng rén — (idiom) to die a martyr; to be martyred
舍: Shè — surname She
生: shēng — 1. to grow; to give birth; to produce; to be born 2. to arise; to occur 3. to light (a fire) 4. to live; to be alive 5. life 6. raw; uncooked; unprocessed 7. unfamiliar; strange 8. (bound form) student; person engaged in a field 9. (bound form) male role in traditional opera 10. (bound form) life; lifetime 11. (bound form) means of livelihood 12. (bound form) very; intensely (as in 生疼 (shēng téng)) 13. (bound form) in a forced manner (as in 生拉硬拽 (shēng lā yìng zhuài)) (HSK 2)
取: qǔ — 1. to take 2. to get 3. to choose 4. to fetch (HSK 2)
義: Yì — 1. surname Yi 2. (Tw) Italy (abbr. for 義大利 (Yì dà lì))
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
本人: běn rén — 1. I; me; myself 2. oneself; yourself; himself; herself; the person concerned (HSK 5)
也許: yě xǔ — perhaps; maybe (HSK 2)
忙: máng — 1. busy 2. hurriedly 3. to hurry 4. to rush (HSK 1)
得: dé — 1. to obtain 2. to get 3. to gain 4. to catch (a disease) 5. proper 6. suitable 7. proud 8. contented 9. to allow 10. to permit 11. ready 12. finished (HSK 2)
不暇: bù xiá — 1. to have no time (for sth) 2. to be too busy (to do sth)
檢點: jiǎn diǎn — 1. to examine 2. to check 3. to keep a lookout 4. cautious 5. restrained (in speech or mannerisms)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
活着: huó zhe — alive
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
旁觀者: páng guān zhě — 1. observer 2. spectator
總: zǒng — 1. (bound form) general; overall 2. to sum up 3. in every case; always; invariably 4. anyway; after all; eventually; sooner or later 5. surely 6. (after a person's name) abbr. for 總經理 (zǒng jīng lǐ) or 總編 (zǒng biān) etc (HSK 3)
會: huì — 1. can; to have the skill; to know how to 2. to be likely to; to be sure to 3. to meet; to get together 4. meeting; gathering 5. (suffix) union; group; association 6. (bound form) a moment (Taiwan pr. (huǐ)) (HSK 1)
加以: jiā yǐ — 1. (formal) to apply; to carry out; to take action to (do sth) (used before a disyllabic verb, indicating that the action is directed at sth previously mentioned, e.g. 加以說明 (jiā yǐ shuō míng)); to apply (restrictions etc); to give (support, consideration etc) 2. (literary) moreover; in addition (HSK 5)
緜: mián — 1. old variant of 綿 (mián) 2. cotton
密: Mì — 1. surname Mi 2. name of an ancient state (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
研究: yán jiū — 1. research 2. a study 3. classifier: 項 (xiàng) 4. to research 5. to look into (HSK 4)
曹: Cáo — 1. surname Cao 2. Zhou Dynasty vassal state
娥: é — 1. good 2. beautiful
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
投: tóu — 1. to throw (sth in a specific direction: ball, javelin, grenade etc) 2. to cast (a ballot) 3. to cast (a glance, a shadow etc) 4. to put in (money for investment, a coin to operate a slot machine) 5. to send (a letter, a manuscript etc) 6. to throw oneself into (a river, a well etc to commit suicide) 7. to go to; to seek refuge; to place oneself into the hands of 8. (coll.) to rinse (clothes) in water (HSK 4)
江: Jiāng — 1. surname Jiang 2. (bound form) Yangtze River 3. (bound form) Jiangsu Province (abbr. for 江蘇 (Jiāng sū)) (HSK 4)
覓: mì — 1. (literary) to seek 2. to find
父: fù — 1. (bound form) father 2. (bound form) male relative of father's generation (as in 伯父 (bó fù)) 3. (computing) (bound form) parent-
淹死: yān sǐ — to drown
後: hòu — 1. back 2. behind 3. rear 4. afterwards 5. after 6. later 7. post- (HSK 1)
抱: bào — 1. to hold 2. to carry (in one's arms) 3. to hug 4. to embrace 5. to surround 6. to cherish 7. (coll.) (of clothes) to fit nicely (HSK 4)
父: fù — 1. (bound form) father 2. (bound form) male relative of father's generation (as in 伯父 (bó fù)) 3. (computing) (bound form) parent-
屍: shī — (bound form) corpse
出: chū — 1. to go out; to come out 2. to arise; to occur 3. to produce; to yield 4. to go beyond; to exceed 5. (used after a verb to indicate an outward direction or a positive result) 6. classifier for dramas, plays, operas etc (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
載: zǎi — 1. to record in writing 2. to carry (i.e. publish in a newspaper etc) 3. Taiwan pr. (zài) 4. year
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
正史: zhèng shǐ — 1. the 24 or 25 official dynastic histories 2. true history, as opposed to fictional adaptation or popular legends
很: hěn — 1. very; quite 2. (also, often used before an adjective without intensifying its meaning, i.e. as a meaningless syntactic element) (HSK 1)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
許多: xǔ duō — 1. many 2. a lot of 3. much (HSK 2)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
知道: zhī dào — 1. to know; to become aware of 2. also pr. (zhī dao) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
抱: bào — 1. to hold 2. to carry (in one's arms) 3. to hug 4. to embrace 5. to surround 6. to cherish 7. (coll.) (of clothes) to fit nicely (HSK 4)
字: zì — 1. letter 2. symbol 3. character 4. word 5. classifier: 個 (gè) 6. courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China (HSK 1)
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
發生: fā shēng — to happen; to occur; to take place; to break out (HSK 3)
過問: guò wèn — 1. to show an interest in 2. to get involved with
題: Tí — surname Ti (HSK 2)

，：When I was a small child, I once heard the old people in my hometown tell it like this:

！Splendid!，——，「」——，！In a land of rites and righteousness, for even a young — alas, "E was but fourteen years of age" — dead filial daughter to float up together with her dead father should be so fraught with difficulty!

《》《》，，，。On examining the Bai Xiao Tu and the Er Bai Si Shi Xiao Tu, I find the painters were both quite clever: what they depicted was Cao E before she had jumped into the river, weeping on the bank alone.《》（1892），「」，。But the Nü Ershisi Xiao Tu (Twenty-Four Cases of Filial Piety, for Women), painted by Wu Youru (1892), shows precisely the scene of the two corpses floating up together, and moreover depicts them exactly "back to back," as in the upper part of Figure 1.，。I suspect he too must have known the same story I had heard.《》，，，，。There is also the Hou Ershisi Xiao Tu Shuo (Sequel to the Twenty-Four Cases of Filial Piety, Illustrated), likewise painted by Wu Youru, which also includes Cao E, but depicts her in the very act of throwing herself into the river, as in the lower part of Figure 1.

我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
檢查: jiǎn chá — 1. inspection 2. to examine 3. to inspect 4. classifier: 次 (cì) (HSK 2)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
二: èr — 1. two 2. 2 3. (Beijing dialect) stupid (HSK 1)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
卌: xì — forty
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
畫師: huà shī — (art) painter
都: Dū — surname Du (HSK 1)
很: hěn — 1. very; quite 2. (also, often used before an adjective without intensifying its meaning, i.e. as a meaningless syntactic element) (HSK 1)
聰明: cōng ming — 1. intelligent; clever; bright 2. acute (of sight and hearing) (HSK 5)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
曹: Cáo — 1. surname Cao 2. Zhou Dynasty vassal state
娥: é — 1. good 2. beautiful
還: Huán — surname Huan (HSK 1)
未: wèi — 1. not yet 2. did not 3. have not 4. not 5. 8th earthly branch: 1-3 p.m., 6th solar month (7th July-6th August), year of the Sheep 6. ancient Chinese compass point: 210° (HSK 7-9)
跳: tiào — 1. to jump 2. to hop 3. to skip over 4. to bounce 5. to palpitate (HSK 3)
入: rù — 1. to enter; to go into 2. to join; to become a member of 3. (bound form) to conform to (as in 入時 (rù shí)) 4. abbr. for 入聲 (rù shēng) 5. (on product packaging, after {number n} + {classifier}) containing (n pieces) (from Japanese 入 "iri") (HSK 6)
江: Jiāng — 1. surname Jiang 2. (bound form) Yangtze River 3. (bound form) Jiangsu Province (abbr. for 江蘇 (Jiāng sū)) (HSK 4)
中: Zhōng — 1. (bound form) China; Chinese 2. surname Zhong (HSK 1)
只: zhī — variant of 隻 (zhī) (HSK 2)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
江: Jiāng — 1. surname Jiang 2. (bound form) Yangtze River 3. (bound form) Jiangsu Province (abbr. for 江蘇 (Jiāng sū)) (HSK 4)
啼哭: tí kū — 1. to cry 2. to wail
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
吳: Wú — 1. surname Wu 2. area comprising southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and Shanghai 3. name of states in southern China at different historical periods
友: yǒu — friend
如畫: rú huà — picturesque
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
女: nǚ — 1. female 2. woman 3. daughter (HSK 1)
二十四孝: Èr shí sì Xiào — the Twenty-four Filial Exemplars, classic Confucian text on filial piety from Yuan dynasty
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
正是: zhèng shì — is precisely (HSK 2)
兩: liǎng — 1. two 2. both 3. some 4. a few 5. tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤 (jīn) (old) (HSK 1)
屍: shī — (bound form) corpse
一同: yī tóng — together (HSK 6)
浮出: fú chū — to emerge
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
幕: mù — 1. curtain or screen 2. canopy or tent 3. headquarters of a general 4. act (of a play) (HSK 7-9)
而且: ér qiě — 1. (not only ...) but also 2. moreover; in addition; furthermore (HSK 2)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
正: zhēng — first month of the lunar year (HSK 1)
畫作: huà zuò — painting; picture
背對背: bèi duì bèi — back to back
如: rú — 1. as 2. as if 3. such as (HSK 6)
第一: dì yī — 1. first 2. most important; primary; foremost
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
上方: shàng fāng — 1. place above (it) 2. upper part (of it) (HSK 7-9)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
想: xiǎng — 1. to think (about) 2. to think of; to devise 3. to think (that); to believe (that) 4. to desire; to want (to) 5. to miss (feel wistful about the absence of) (HSK 1)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
大約: dà yuē — 1. approximately 2. probably (HSK 3)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
知道: zhī dào — 1. to know; to become aware of 2. also pr. (zhī dao) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
聽到: tīng dào — to hear (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
故事: gù shì — old practice (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
還有: hái yǒu — 1. there still remain(s); there is (or are) still 2. in addition (HSK 1)
後: hòu — 1. back 2. behind 3. rear 4. afterwards 5. after 6. later 7. post- (HSK 1)
二十四孝: Èr shí sì Xiào — the Twenty-four Filial Exemplars, classic Confucian text on filial piety from Yuan dynasty
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
吳: Wú — 1. surname Wu 2. area comprising southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and Shanghai 3. name of states in southern China at different historical periods
友: yǒu — friend
如畫: rú huà — picturesque
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
曹: Cáo — 1. surname Cao 2. Zhou Dynasty vassal state
娥: é — 1. good 2. beautiful
則: zé — 1. (literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then 2. (bound form) standard; norm 3. (bound form) principle 4. (literary) to imitate; to follow 5. classifier for written items (HSK 7-9)
畫作: huà zuò — painting; picture
正在: zhèng zài — to be in the process of (doing sth); to be currently ...-ing (HSK 1)
投: tóu — 1. to throw (sth in a specific direction: ball, javelin, grenade etc) 2. to cast (a ballot) 3. to cast (a glance, a shadow etc) 4. to put in (money for investment, a coin to operate a slot machine) 5. to send (a letter, a manuscript etc) 6. to throw oneself into (a river, a well etc to commit suicide) 7. to go to; to seek refuge; to place oneself into the hands of 8. (coll.) to rinse (clothes) in water (HSK 4)
江: Jiāng — 1. surname Jiang 2. (bound form) Yangtze River 3. (bound form) Jiangsu Province (abbr. for 江蘇 (Jiāng sū)) (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
情狀: qíng zhuàng — 1. situation 2. circumstances
如: rú — 1. as 2. as if 3. such as (HSK 6)
第一: dì yī — 1. first 2. most important; primary; foremost
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
下: xià — 1. down 2. downwards 3. below 4. lower 5. later 6. next (week etc) 7. second (of two parts) 8. to decline 9. to go down 10. to arrive at (a decision, conclusion etc) 11. measure word to show the frequency of an action (HSK 1)

，，，，，，「」「」。As far as the illustrated moral tales I have seen go, there have been, from ancient times to the present, quite a number of filial sons who encountered bandits, tigers, fires, or storms, and in nine cases out of ten their way of coping was to "weep" and "kowtow."

就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
現今: xiàn jīn — 1. now 2. nowadays 3. modern
所見: suǒ jiàn — 1. (literary) what one sees 2. (literary) opinion; view
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
教: Jiào — surname Jiao (HSK 1)
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
而言: ér yán — (typically preceded by 就… (jiù xx) or 對… (duì xx) etc) as far as ... is concerned; speaking in terms of ...
古今: gǔ jīn — 1. then and now 2. ancient and modern
頗: Pō — 1. surname Po 2. Taiwan pr. (Pǒ) (HSK 7-9)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
許多: xǔ duō — 1. many 2. a lot of 3. much (HSK 2)
遇: Yù — surname Yu (HSK 4)
盜: dào — 1. to steal 2. to rob 3. to plunder 4. thief 5. bandit 6. robber (HSK 7-9)
遇: Yù — surname Yu (HSK 4)
虎: hǔ — 1. tiger 2. classifier: 隻 (zhī) (HSK 5)
遇火: yù huǒ — 1. to catch fire 2. to ignite
遇: Yù — surname Yu (HSK 4)
風: fēng — 1. wind 2. news 3. style 4. custom 5. manner 6. classifier: 陣 (zhèn), 絲 (sī) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
孝子: xiào zǐ — filial son
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
應付: yìng fu — to deal with; to cope (HSK 7-9)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
方法: fāng fǎ — method; way; technique; procedure (HSK 2)
十: shí — 1. ten 2. 10 (HSK 1)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
九: jiǔ — 1. nine 2. 9 (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
哭: kū — to cry; to weep (HSK 2)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
拜: bài — 1. to bow to; to pay one's respects 2. (bound form) to extend greetings (on a specific occasion) 3. to make a courtesy call 4. (bound form) (of a monarch) to appoint sb to (a position) by performing a ceremony 5. to acknowledge sb as one's (master, godfather etc) 6. (used before some verbs to indicate politeness)

，？When, oh when, will China's weeping and kowtowing ever come to an end?

，，《》，，。As for the manner of drawing, I think the simplest and most archaic is the edition by the Japanese artist Oda Kaisen, which was long ago printed into the Dianshizhai Conghua and thereby turned into a Chinese product, so it is now quite easy to obtain.，。Wu Youru's paintings are the most delicate and skillful, and also the most engaging.；But he was actually not very well suited to historical painting;，，「」，「」，，。having lived for a long time in the foreign concessions of Shanghai, steeped in its ways, what he was truly best at was current-events pictures of the sort "a vicious madam abusing a prostitute" or "a hoodlum shaking someone down," which are truly full of vitality, letting one see the foreign quarter of Shanghai right there on the paper.，，，，。But his influence has been far from good — in the illustrations of many recent novels and children's books, women are often drawn to look like prostitutes and children are all drawn to look like little hoodlums, largely because people have looked at his picture-books too much.

至于: zhì yú — 1. as for 2. as to 3. to go so far as to (HSK 6)
畫法: huà fǎ — 1. painting technique 2. drawing method
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
以: Yǐ — abbr. for Israel 以色列 (Yǐ sè liè) (HSK 7-9)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
最: zuì — 1. (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est 2. (after 之 (zhī)) best or most extreme example (e.g. 世界之最 (shì jiè zhī zuì) "the greatest in the world") (HSK 1)
簡: jiǎn — 1. simple 2. uncomplicated 3. letter 4. to choose 5. to select 6. bamboo strips used for writing (old)
古: Gǔ — surname Gu (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
倒: dǎo — 1. to fall; to collapse; to lie horizontally 2. to fail; to go bankrupt 3. to overthrow 4. to change (trains or buses) 5. to move around 6. to resell at a profit (HSK 2)
要: yāo — (bound form) to demand; to coerce (HSK 1)
算: suàn — 1. to calculate; to figure out 2. to include; to count in 3. to count; to be valid; to carry weight 4. to regard as; to consider (to be ...) (HSK 2)
日本: Rì běn — Japan
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
小: xiǎo — 1. small 2. tiny 3. few 4. young (HSK 1)
田: Tián — surname Tian (HSK 6)
海: Hǎi — surname Hai (HSK 2)
僊: xiān — variant of 仙 (xiān)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
本子: běn zi — 1. book 2. notebook 3. Japanese-style self-published comic (esp. an erotic one), aka "dōjinshi" 4. classifier: 本 (běn) 5. edition (HSK 1)
早已: zǎo yǐ — 1. for a long time; long since 2. (dialect) in the past (HSK 3)
印: Yìn — 1. surname Yin 2. abbr. for 印度 (Yìn dù), India (HSK 6)
入: rù — 1. to enter; to go into 2. to join; to become a member of 3. (bound form) to conform to (as in 入時 (rù shí)) 4. abbr. for 入聲 (rù shēng) 5. (on product packaging, after {number n} + {classifier}) containing (n pieces) (from Japanese 入 "iri") (HSK 6)
點: diǎn — 1. to touch briefly; to tap 2. to mark with a dot; to check off (on a list) 3. to order (food etc); to select 4. to mention; to bring up (a topic or person) 5. to hint at; to imply 6. to administer (eye medicine etc) in drops 7. to light (a fire, a lamp etc); to ignite 8. to nod (one's head) in agreement; to beckon by moving (one's hand) up and down 9. point; dot; spot; speck 10. dot stroke in Chinese characters 11. (math.) decimal point 12. point in time or space 13. (after a number) o'clock 14. a small amount; a bit; (after a verb or adjective) a bit more 15. classifier for small amounts (HSK 1)
石: Shí — 1. surname Shi 2. abbr. for Shijiazhuang 石家莊 (Shí jiā zhuāng), the capital of Hebei
齋: zhāi — 1. to fast or abstain from meat, wine etc 2. vegetarian diet 3. study room 4. building 5. to give alms (to a monk)
叢: cóng — 1. cluster 2. collection 3. collection of books 4. thicket
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
裏: lǐ — variant of 裡 (lǐ) (HSK 1)
變成: biàn chéng — 1. to change into 2. to turn into 3. to become (HSK 2)
國貨: guó huò — domestically produced goods
很: hěn — 1. very; quite 2. (also, often used before an adjective without intensifying its meaning, i.e. as a meaningless syntactic element) (HSK 1)
容易: róng yì — 1. easy; straightforward 2. likely; liable to; apt to (HSK 3)
入手: rù shǒu — 1. to begin (with ...) (typically used in a structure such as 從 (cóng) + {noun} + 入手 (rù shǒu): "to begin with {noun}; to take {noun} as one's starting point") 2. to receive; to obtain; to buy (HSK 7-9)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
吳: Wú — 1. surname Wu 2. area comprising southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and Shanghai 3. name of states in southern China at different historical periods
友: yǒu — friend
如畫: rú huà — picturesque
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
最: zuì — 1. (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est 2. (after 之 (zhī)) best or most extreme example (e.g. 世界之最 (shì jiè zhī zuì) "the greatest in the world") (HSK 1)
細: xì — 1. thin or slender 2. finely particulate 3. thin and soft 4. fine 5. delicate 6. trifling 7. (of a sound) quiet 8. frugal (HSK 4)
巧: qiǎo — 1. opportunely 2. coincidentally 3. as it happens 4. skillful 5. timely (HSK 3)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
最: zuì — 1. (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est 2. (after 之 (zhī)) best or most extreme example (e.g. 世界之最 (shì jiè zhī zuì) "the greatest in the world") (HSK 1)
能: Néng — surname Neng (HSK 1)
引: yǐn — 1. to draw (e.g. a bow) 2. to pull 3. to stretch sth 4. to extend 5. to lengthen 6. to involve or implicate in 7. to attract 8. to lead 9. to guide 10. to leave 11. to provide evidence or justification for 12. old unit of distance equal to 10 丈 (zhàng), one-thirtieth of a km or 33.33 meters (HSK 4)
動人: dòng rén — 1. touching 2. moving (HSK 3)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
歷史: lì shǐ — 1. history 2. classifier: 門 (mén), 段 (duàn) (HSK 4)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
其實: qí shí — actually; in fact; really (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
不大: bù dà — 1. not very (clear, far away etc); not too 2. not often; infrequently (HSK 1)
相宜: xiāng yí — to be suitable or appropriate
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
久: jiǔ — (of a period of time) long (HSK 3)
居: Jū — surname Ju
上海: Shàng hǎi — Shanghai municipality (short name 滬 (Hù))
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
租界: zū jiè — foreign concession, an enclave occupied by a foreign power (in China in the 19th and 20th centuries)
裏: lǐ — variant of 裡 (lǐ) (HSK 1)
耳濡目染: ěr rú mù rǎn — to be influenced
最: zuì — 1. (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est 2. (after 之 (zhī)) best or most extreme example (e.g. 世界之最 (shì jiè zhī zuì) "the greatest in the world") (HSK 1)
擅長: shàn cháng — to be good at; to be expert in (HSK 7-9)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
倒: dǎo — 1. to fall; to collapse; to lie horizontally 2. to fail; to go bankrupt 3. to overthrow 4. to change (trains or buses) 5. to move around 6. to resell at a profit (HSK 2)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
作: zuō — 1. (bound form) worker 2. (bound form) workshop 3. (slang) troublesome; high-maintenance (person) (HSK 6)
惡: ě — used in 惡心 (ě xīn) (HSK 7-9)
鴇: bǎo — 1. Chinese bustard 2. procuress
虐: nüè — 1. (bound form) brutal; oppressive; harsh 2. (literary) disaster; catastrophe
妓: jì — prostitute
流氓: liú máng — 1. rogue 2. hoodlum 3. gangster 4. immoral behavior (HSK 7-9)
拆: chāi — 1. to tear open 2. to tear down 3. to tear apart 4. to open (HSK 5)
梢: shāo — tip of branch
一類: yī lèi — 1. same type 2. category 1 (i.e. class A)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
時事: shí shì — current trends; the present situation; how things are going (HSK 5)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
真是: zhēn shi — 1. indeed; truly 2. (coll.) (used to express disapproval, annoyance etc)
勃勃: bó bó — 1. thriving 2. vigorous 3. exuberant
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
生氣: shēng qì — 1. to get angry; to be furious 2. vitality; liveliness (HSK 1)
令人: lìng rén — 1. to cause one (to do sth) 2. to make one (angry, delighted etc)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
紙: zhǐ — 1. paper (classifier: 張 (zhāng), 沓 (dá)) 2. classifier for documents, letters etc (HSK 2)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
看出: kàn chū — 1. to make out 2. to see (HSK 5)
上海: Shàng hǎi — Shanghai municipality (short name 滬 (Hù))
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
洋場: yáng chǎng — (old) foreign concession
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
影響: yǐng xiǎng — 1. influence 2. effect 3. to influence 4. to affect (usually adversely) 5. to disturb 6. classifier: 股 (gǔ) (HSK 2)
殊: shū — 1. (literary) to kill; to behead; to sever; to separate; to surpass 2. (bound form) different 3. (bound form) special; remarkable 4. (literary) very; extremely
不佳: bù jiā — not good
近來: jìn lái — 1. recently 2. lately (HSK 5)
許多: xǔ duō — 1. many 2. a lot of 3. much (HSK 2)
小說: xiǎo shuō — 1. novel 2. fiction 3. classifier: 本 (běn), 部 (bù) (HSK 2)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
兒童: ér tóng — child (HSK 4)
讀物: dú wù — reading material
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
插畫: chā huà — illustration
中: Zhōng — 1. (bound form) China; Chinese 2. surname Zhong (HSK 1)
往往: wǎng wǎng — 1. usually 2. in many cases 3. more often than not (HSK 3)
將: jiāng — 1. will 2. shall 3. to use 4. to take 5. to checkmate 6. just a short while ago 7. (introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把 (bǎ)) (HSK 5)
一切: yī qiè — 1. everything 2. every 3. all (HSK 3)
女性: nǚ xìng — 1. woman 2. the female sex (HSK 5)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
成: Chéng — 1. surname Cheng 2. short name for Chengdu 成都 (Chéng dū) (HSK 2)
妓女: jì nǚ — prostitute; hooker
樣: yàng — 1. manner 2. pattern 3. way 4. appearance 5. shape 6. classifier: kind, type (HSK 6)
一切: yī qiè — 1. everything 2. every 3. all (HSK 3)
孩童: hái tóng — child
都: Dū — surname Du (HSK 1)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
得: dé — 1. to obtain 2. to get 3. to gain 4. to catch (a disease) 5. proper 6. suitable 7. proud 8. contented 9. to allow 10. to permit 11. ready 12. finished (HSK 2)
像: xiàng — 1. to resemble 2. to be like 3. to look as if 4. such as 5. appearance 6. image 7. portrait 8. image under a mapping (math.) (HSK 2)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
小: xiǎo — 1. small 2. tiny 3. few 4. young (HSK 1)
流氓: liú máng — 1. rogue 2. hoodlum 3. gangster 4. immoral behavior (HSK 7-9)
大半: dà bàn — 1. more than half 2. greater part 3. most 4. probably 5. most likely
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
太: tài — 1. highest 2. greatest 3. too (much) 4. very 5. extremely (HSK 1)
看: kān — 1. to look after 2. to take care of 3. to watch 4. to guard (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
緣故: yuán gù — 1. reason 2. cause (HSK 6)

，。And the deeds of filial sons are, comparatively, harder to depict, because they tend to be mostly wretched and painful.「」，，。Take "Guo Ju Burying His Son," for instance — however it is done, it is hard to paint it in a way that would make a child's face light up with joy and make him willing to lie down in the pit of his own accord.「」，。Then there is "Tasting the Excrement, Heart Full of Worry," which likewise is not easy to make appealing.「」，「」，。There is also Lao Laizi's "Playing in Colored Clothes to Delight His Parents" — though the inscribed poem says "joy fills the whole hall," the picture itself very rarely carries any atmosphere of an amusing family scene.

而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
孝子: xiào zǐ — filial son
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
事迹: shì jì — notable deeds; exploits (HSK 7-9)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
比較: bǐ jiào — 1. to compare 2. to contrast 3. comparatively 4. relatively 5. quite 6. comparison (HSK 3)
地: de — 1. -ly 2. structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct (HSK 1)
更: gēng — 1. to change or replace 2. to experience 3. one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided 4. watch (e.g. of a sentry or guard) (HSK 2)
難: nán — 1. difficult (to...) 2. problem 3. difficulty 4. difficult 5. not good (HSK 1)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
總是: zǒng shì — always (HSK 3)
慘: cǎn — 1. miserable 2. wretched 3. cruel 4. inhuman 5. disastrous 6. tragic 7. dim 8. gloomy (HSK 6)
苦: kǔ — 1. bitter 2. hardship 3. pain 4. to suffer 5. to bring suffering to 6. painstakingly (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
多: duō — 1. many; much; more; a lot of 2. too many; in excess 3. (after a numeral) ... odd 4. how (to what extent) (Taiwan pr. (duó)) 5. (bound form) multi-; poly- (HSK 1)
譬如: pì rú — for example; for instance; such as (HSK 7-9)
郭: Guō — surname Guo
巨: jù — 1. very large; huge; tremendous; gigantic 2. (coll.) very; extremely
埋: mái — to bury (HSK 6)
兒: ér — 1. child 2. son
無論如何: wú lùn rú hé — (idiom) whatever the case; in any event; no matter what; by all possible means (HSK 7-9)
總: zǒng — 1. (bound form) general; overall 2. to sum up 3. in every case; always; invariably 4. anyway; after all; eventually; sooner or later 5. surely 6. (after a person's name) abbr. for 總經理 (zǒng jīng lǐ) or 總編 (zǒng biān) etc (HSK 3)
難以: nán yǐ — hard to (predict, imagine etc) (HSK 5)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
到: dào — 1. to reach; to arrive 2. to leave for; to go to 3. to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point) 4. (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point) 5. considerate; thoughtful; thorough (HSK 1)
引得: yǐn dé — index (loanword)
孩子: hái zi — child (HSK 1)
眉飛色舞: méi fēi sè wǔ — 1. smiles of exultation 2. radiant with delight
自願: zì yuàn — voluntary (HSK 5)
躺: tǎng — 1. to recline 2. to lie down (HSK 4)
到: dào — 1. to reach; to arrive 2. to leave for; to go to 3. to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point) 4. (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point) 5. considerate; thoughtful; thorough (HSK 1)
坑: kēng — 1. pit; hollow; depression 2. (mining) pit; shaft; tunnel 3. (literary) to bury alive 4. (coll.) to cheat; to scam; to screw over (HSK 7-9)
裏: lǐ — variant of 裡 (lǐ) (HSK 1)
去: qù — 1. to go 2. to go to (a place) 3. (of a time etc) last 4. just passed 5. to send 6. to remove 7. to get rid of 8. to reduce 9. to be apart from in space or time 10. to die (euphemism) 11. to play (a part) 12. (when used either before or after a verb) to go in order to do sth 13. (after a verb of motion indicates movement away from the speaker) 14. (used after certain verbs to indicate detachment or separation) (HSK 1)
還有: hái yǒu — 1. there still remain(s); there is (or are) still 2. in addition (HSK 1)
嘗糞: cháng fèn — 1. to taste a patient's excrement (a form of medical examination, seen as an act of loyalty or filial piety) 2. to suck up to sb; to kiss ass
心: xīn — 1. heart 2. mind 3. intention 4. center 5. core 6. classifier: 顆 (kē), 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
憂: yōu — 1. to worry 2. to concern oneself with 3. worried 4. anxiety 5. sorrow 6. (literary) to observe mourning
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
不容: bù róng — 1. must not 2. cannot 3. to not allow 4. cannot tolerate (HSK 7-9)
易: Yì — 1. surname Yi 2. I Ching; Book of Changes (abbr. for 易經 (Yì jīng))
引人入勝: yǐn rén rù shèng — 1. to enchant 2. fascinating (HSK 7-9)
還有: hái yǒu — 1. there still remain(s); there is (or are) still 2. in addition (HSK 1)
老: lǎo — 1. prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family or to indicate affection or familiarity 2. old (of people) 3. venerable (person) 4. experienced 5. of long standing 6. always 7. all the time 8. of the past 9. very 10. outdated 11. (of meat etc) tough (HSK 1)
萊: lái — 1. name of weed plant (fat hen, goosefoot, pigweed etc) 2. Chenopodium album
子: zǐ — 1. son 2. child 3. seed 4. egg 5. small thing 6. 1st earthly branch: 11 p.m.–1 a.m., midnight, 11th solar month (7th December to 5th January), year of the rat 7. viscount, fourth of five orders of nobility 五等爵位 (wǔ děng jué wèi) 8. ancient Chinese compass point: 0° (north) 9. subsidiary; subordinate; (prefix) sub-
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
戲: xì — 1. trick 2. drama 3. play 4. show 5. classifier: 齣 (chū), 場 (chǎng), 臺 (tái) (HSK 5)
綵: cǎi — variant of 彩 (cǎi)
娛: yú — to amuse
親: qīn — 1. parent 2. one's own (flesh and blood) 3. relative 4. related 5. marriage 6. bride 7. close 8. intimate 9. in person 10. first-hand 11. in favor of 12. pro- 13. to kiss 14. (Internet slang) dear (HSK 3)
題詩: tí shī — 1. to inscribe a poem (often, composed on the spot) on a painting, fan or ceramic bowl etc as a work of calligraphy 2. an inscribed poem
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
雖說: suī shuō — 1. though 2. although (HSK 7-9)
喜色: xǐ sè — 1. happy expression 2. cheerful look
滿: Mǎn — Manchu ethnic group (HSK 2)
庭: tíng — 1. main hall 2. front courtyard 3. law court
幃: wéi — 1. curtain 2. women's apartment 3. tent
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
圖畫: tú huà — 1. drawing 2. picture (HSK 3)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
絕: jué — 1. to cut short 2. extinct 3. to disappear 4. to vanish 5. absolutely 6. by no means (HSK 6)
少有: shǎo yǒu — 1. rare 2. infrequent (HSK 7-9)
有趣: yǒu qù — interesting; fascinating; amusing (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
家庭: jiā tíng — 1. family; household 2. classifier: 戶 (hù) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
氣息: qì xī — 1. breath 2. smell 3. odor 4. flavor (HSK 7-9)

，。I have now selected three different specimens and combined them into Figure 2.《》，「」，「」。The one at the top is a portion from the Bai Xiao Tu, painted by "He Yunti of Chencun," depicting the episode "fetching water, he mounted the hall, feigned a fall, lay on the ground, and cried like an infant."「」。It also brings out the line "his parents opened their mouths and laughed."「」《》，「」；The small piece in the middle I traced from the Ershisi Xiao Tu Shi Hekan (Combined Edition of Pictures and Poems on the Twenty-Four Cases of Filial Piety) painted by "Li Xitong of Zhibei," depicting the episode "wearing garments of five gaudy colors, he played like an infant at his parents' side";「」，「」。in his hand he clutches a "rattle-drum," which is precisely what drives home the point of the three words "played like an infant."，，。But it seems Mr. Li felt that a tall old man playing such tricks would, after all, look unseemly, so he shrank the figure's body as much as he could, painting him instead as a bearded little child.。And yet it is still without any charm.，，，。As for the errors and omissions in the lines, that cannot be blamed on the artist, nor can it be held against me — one can only curse the block-carver.（1873），「」。On investigation, this carving shop, in the twelfth year of the Tongzhi reign of the former Qing dynasty (1873), was the "Hongwentang Engraving Establishment, west side of the road at the south end of Buzhengsi Street, Shandong Province."「」（1922），，，「」，「」，，「」。The one at the bottom is from a block-print edition of the Shendu Shanfang, of the renxu year of the Republic (1922); the painter's name is not given, but it uses a doubled-up method, showing both "feigning a fall and lying on the ground" and "playing like an infant" at once, combining the two episodes into one, while forgetting the "garments of gaudy colors."，，，，，——。In the edition painted by Wu Youru, the two episodes are likewise merged into one, and the gaudy-colored garments are likewise forgotten; only Lao Laizi is drawn somewhat plumper, and with his hair done up in twin tufts — but it is still without charm.

我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
現在: xiàn zài — now; at present; currently (HSK 1)
選取: xuǎn qǔ — to choose
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
三: Sān — surname San (HSK 1)
種: zhǒng — 1. seed 2. species 3. kind 4. type 5. classifier for types, kinds, sorts (HSK 3)
不同: bù tóng — 1. different 2. distinct 3. not the same 4. not alike (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
標本: biāo běn — 1. specimen; sample 2. the root cause and symptoms of a disease (HSK 7-9)
合成: hé chéng — 1. to compose 2. to constitute 3. compound 4. synthesis 5. mixture 6. synthetic (HSK 5)
第二: dì èr — 1. second 2. number two 3. next 4. secondary
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
上方: shàng fāng — 1. place above (it) 2. upper part (of it) (HSK 7-9)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
中的: zhòng dì — 1. to hit the target 2. (fig.) to hit the nail on the head
一部分: yī bù fen — 1. portion 2. part of 3. subset (HSK 2)
陳: Chén — 1. surname Chen 2. Chen (c. 1045 – 479 BC), a Zhou dynasty state 3. Chen (557–589), one of the Southern Dynasties 南朝 (Nán Cháo)
村: cūn — 1. village 2. (dialect) to scold 3. rustic; boorish (HSK 3)
何: Hé — surname He
雲梯: yún tī — 1. (military) ladder used for scaling the walls of a fortified place (i.e. for escalading) in ancient times 2. firefighters' extension ladder 3. stone steps on a mountain
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
取水: qǔ shuǐ — 1. water intake 2. to obtain water (from a well etc)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
堂: táng — 1. (main) hall 2. large room for a specific purpose 3. classifier: 間 (jiān) 4. relationship between cousins etc on the paternal side of a family 5. of the same clan 6. classifier for classes, lectures etc 7. classifier for sets of furniture (HSK 7-9)
詐: zhà — 1. to cheat 2. to swindle 3. to pretend 4. to feign 5. to draw sb out 6. to try to extract information by deceit or bluff
跌: diē — 1. to fall 2. to tumble 3. to trip 4. (of prices etc) to drop 5. Taiwan pr. (dié) (HSK 6)
臥: wò — 1. to lie 2. to crouch (HSK 7-9)
地: de — 1. -ly 2. structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct (HSK 1)
作: zuō — 1. (bound form) worker 2. (bound form) workshop 3. (slang) troublesome; high-maintenance (person) (HSK 6)
嬰兒: yīng ér — 1. infant 2. baby 3. classifier: 個 (gè) 4. lead (Pb) (HSK 7-9)
啼: tí — 1. (bound form) to cry; to weep loudly 2. (bound form) (of a bird or animal) to crow; to hoot; to screech
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
段: Duàn — surname Duan (HSK 2)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
帶: dài — 1. band 2. belt 3. girdle 4. ribbon 5. tire 6. area 7. zone 8. region 9. classifier: 條 (tiáo) 10. to wear 11. to carry 12. to take along 13. to bear (i.e. to have) 14. to lead 15. to bring 16. to look after 17. to raise (HSK 2)
出: chū — 1. to go out; to come out 2. to arise; to occur 3. to produce; to yield 4. to go beyond; to exceed 5. (used after a verb to indicate an outward direction or a positive result) 6. classifier for dramas, plays, operas etc (HSK 1)
雙親: shuāng qīn — both parents
開口: kāi kǒu — 1. to open one's mouth 2. to start to talk (HSK 7-9)
笑: xiào — 1. to laugh; to smile 2. to laugh at (HSK 1)
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
中間: zhōng jiān — 1. the middle; the inside 2. in the middle; within; between; among 3. during; in the meantime (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
小: xiǎo — 1. small 2. tiny 3. few 4. young (HSK 1)
塊: kuài — 1. lump; chunk; piece 2. classifier for pieces of cloth, cake, soap etc 3. (coll.) classifier for money and currency units (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
從: Cóng — surname Cong (HSK 1)
直: Zhí — 1. surname Zhi 2. Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 (Yán dì) descended from Shennong 神農 (Shén nóng) Farmer God (HSK 3)
北: běi — 1. north 2. (classical) to be defeated (HSK 1)
李: Lǐ — surname Li
錫: xī — 1. tin (chemistry) 2. to bestow 3. to confer 4. to grant 5. Taiwan pr. (xí) (HSK 7-9)
彤: Tóng — surname Tong
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
二十四孝: Èr shí sì Xiào — the Twenty-four Filial Exemplars, classic Confucian text on filial piety from Yuan dynasty
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
詩: Shī — abbr. for Shijing 詩經 (Shī jīng), the Book of Songs (HSK 4)
合: gě — 1. 100 ml 2. one-tenth of a peck 3. measure for dry grain equal to one-tenth of sheng 升 or liter, or one-hundredth dou 斗 (HSK 3)
刊: kān — 1. to print 2. to publish 3. publication 4. periodical 5. to peel with a knife 6. to carve 7. to amend
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
描: miáo — 1. to depict 2. to trace (a drawing) 3. to copy 4. to touch up
下來: xià lai — 1. to come down 2. (completed action marker) 3. (after verb of motion, indicates motion down and towards us, also fig.) 4. (indicates continuation from the past towards us) 5. to be harvested (of crops) 6. to be over (of a period of time) 7. to go among the masses (said of leaders) (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
著: zhāo — 1. a move in chess (Taiwan pr. (zhuó)) 2. trick; tactic 3. (dialect) okay; all right 4. (dialect) to put in; to add (HSK 1)
五色: wǔ sè — 1. multicolored 2. the rainbow 3. garish
斑斕: bān lán — gorgeous; brightly colored; multicolored
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
衣: yī — 1. clothes 2. classifier: 件 (jiàn) 3. Kangxi radical 145
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
嬰兒: yīng ér — 1. infant 2. baby 3. classifier: 個 (gè) 4. lead (Pb) (HSK 7-9)
戲: xì — 1. trick 2. drama 3. play 4. show 5. classifier: 齣 (chū), 場 (chǎng), 臺 (tái) (HSK 5)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
親: qīn — 1. parent 2. one's own (flesh and blood) 3. relative 4. related 5. marriage 6. bride 7. close 8. intimate 9. in person 10. first-hand 11. in favor of 12. pro- 13. to kiss 14. (Internet slang) dear (HSK 3)
側: cè — 1. the side 2. to incline towards 3. to lean 4. inclined 5. lateral 6. side (HSK 6)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
段: Duàn — surname Duan (HSK 2)
手: shǒu — 1. hand 2. (formal) to hold 3. person engaged in certain types of work 4. person skilled in certain types of work 5. personal(ly) 6. convenient 7. classifier for skill 8. classifier: 雙 (shuāng), 隻 (zhī) (HSK 1)
裏: lǐ — variant of 裡 (lǐ) (HSK 1)
揑: niē — variant of 捏 (niē) (HSK 7-9)
着: zhāo — variant of 著 (zhāo) (HSK 1)
搖: Yáo — surname Yao (HSK 4)
咕咚: gū dōng — 1. splash 2. (onom.) for heavy things falling down
就是: jiù shì — 1. exactly; precisely 2. only; simply; just 3. (used correlatively with 也 (yě)) even; even if (HSK 3)
嬰兒: yīng ér — 1. infant 2. baby 3. classifier: 個 (gè) 4. lead (Pb) (HSK 7-9)
戲: xì — 1. trick 2. drama 3. play 4. show 5. classifier: 齣 (chū), 場 (chǎng), 臺 (tái) (HSK 5)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
三: Sān — surname San (HSK 1)
個: gě — used in 自個兒 (zì gě r) (HSK 1)
字: zì — 1. letter 2. symbol 3. character 4. word 5. classifier: 個 (gè) 6. courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
點題: diǎn tí — 1. to bring out the main theme 2. to make the point 3. to bring out the substance concisely
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
大約: dà yuē — 1. approximately 2. probably (HSK 3)
李: Lǐ — surname Li
先生: xiān sheng — 1. teacher 2. gentleman; sir; mister (Mr.) 3. husband 4. (dialect) doctor 5. classifier: 位 (wèi) (HSK 1)
覺得: jué de — 1. to think that ...; to feel that ... 2. to feel (uncomfortable etc) (HSK 1)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
高大: gāo dà — tall; lofty; towering (HSK 5)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
老頭子: lǎo tóu zi — 1. (coll.) old man 2. (said of an aging husband) my old man
玩: wán — 1. to play 2. to have fun 3. to trifle with 4. toy 5. sth used for amusement 6. curio or antique (Taiwan pr. (wàn)) 7. to keep sth for entertainment
這樣: zhè yàng — 1. this way; like this; so 2. (before a noun) this kind of; such (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
把戲: bǎ xì — 1. acrobatics; jugglery 2. trick; ploy
究竟: jiū jìng — 1. to go to the bottom of a matter 2. after all 3. when all is said and done 4. (in an interrogative sentence) finally 5. outcome 6. result (HSK 4)
不像樣: bù xiàng yàng — 1. in no shape to be seen 2. unpresentable 3. beyond recognition
將: jiāng — 1. will 2. shall 3. to use 4. to take 5. to checkmate 6. just a short while ago 7. (introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把 (bǎ)) (HSK 5)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
身子: shēn zi — 1. body 2. pregnancy 3. health (HSK 7-9)
竭力: jié lì — to do one's utmost (HSK 7-9)
收縮: shōu suō — 1. to pull back 2. to shrink 3. to contract 4. (physiology) systole (HSK 7-9)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
成: Chéng — 1. surname Cheng 2. short name for Chengdu 成都 (Chéng dū) (HSK 2)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
鬍子: hú zi — 1. beard 2. mustache or whiskers 3. facial hair 4. classifier: 撮 (zuǒ), 根 (gēn) 5. (coll.) bandit (HSK 5)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
小孩子: xiǎo hái zi — child
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
然而: rán ér — however; but; yet (HSK 4)
仍然: réng rán — still; as before; yet (HSK 3)
無趣: wú qù — dull; vapid; colorless
至于: zhì yú — 1. as for 2. as to 3. to go so far as to (HSK 6)
線: xiàn — 1. thread 2. string 3. wire 4. line 5. classifier: 條 (tiáo), 股 (gǔ), 根 (gēn) 6. (after a number) tier (unofficial ranking of a Chinese city) (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
錯誤: cuò wù — 1. mistaken; false; wrong 2. error; mistake 3. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
缺少: quē shǎo — 1. lack 2. shortage of 3. shortfall 4. to be short (of) 5. to lack (HSK 3)
那是: nà shi — 1. (coll.) of course 2. naturally 3. indeed
不能: bù néng — 1. cannot 2. must not 3. should not
怪: guài — 1. odd; strange; uncanny 2. (bound form) monster; supernatural being 3. to find strange; to regard as odd 4. to blame 5. (coll.) somewhat; rather (HSK 4)
作者: zuò zhě — author; writer (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
不能: bù néng — 1. cannot 2. must not 3. should not
埋怨: mán yuàn — 1. to complain 2. to grumble (about) 3. to reproach 4. to blame (HSK 7-9)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
只能: zhǐ néng — 1. can only 2. obliged to do sth 3. to have no other choice (HSK 2)
去: qù — 1. to go 2. to go to (a place) 3. (of a time etc) last 4. just passed 5. to send 6. to remove 7. to get rid of 8. to reduce 9. to be apart from in space or time 10. to die (euphemism) 11. to play (a part) 12. (when used either before or after a verb) to go in order to do sth 13. (after a verb of motion indicates movement away from the speaker) 14. (used after certain verbs to indicate detachment or separation) (HSK 1)
罵: mà — 1. to scold 2. to abuse 3. to curse 4. classifier: 通 (tòng), 頓 (dùn) (HSK 5)
刻: kè — 1. quarter (hour) 2. moment 3. to carve 4. to engrave 5. to cut 6. oppressive 7. classifier for short time intervals (HSK 2)
工: gōng — 1. work 2. worker 3. skill 4. profession 5. trade 6. craft 7. labor
查: Zhā — surname Zha (HSK 2)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
刻: kè — 1. quarter (hour) 2. moment 3. to carve 4. to engrave 5. to cut 6. oppressive 7. classifier for short time intervals (HSK 2)
工: gōng — 1. work 2. worker 3. skill 4. profession 5. trade 6. craft 7. labor
當前: dāng qián — 1. the present time 2. to be faced with (HSK 5)
清: Qīng — 1. Qing (Wade-Giles: Ch'ing) dynasty of China (1644–1911) 2. surname Qing (HSK 6)
同治: Tóng zhì — reign name of Qing emperor (1861-1875)
十二: shí èr — 1. twelve 2. 12
年: Nián — surname Nian (HSK 1)
時: Shí — surname Shi (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
山東省: Shān dōng Shěng — Shandong Province, capital Jinan 濟南市 (Jǐ nán Shì) (short name 魯 (Lǔ))
布: bù — 1. cloth 2. to declare 3. to announce 4. to spread 5. to make known (HSK 3)
政: zhèng — 1. political 2. politics 3. government
司: Sī — surname Si
街: jiē — 1. street 2. classifier: 條 (tiáo) (HSK 2)
南: Nán — surname Nan (HSK 1)
首: shǒu — 1. head 2. chief 3. first (occasion, thing etc) 4. classifier for poems, songs etc (HSK 4)
路: Lù — surname Lu (HSK 1)
西: Xī — 1. the West 2. abbr. for Spain 西班牙 (Xī bān yá) 3. Spanish (HSK 1)
鴻: hóng — 1. eastern bean goose 2. great 3. large
文: Wén — surname Wen (HSK 7-9)
堂: táng — 1. (main) hall 2. large room for a specific purpose 3. classifier: 間 (jiān) 4. relationship between cousins etc on the paternal side of a family 5. of the same clan 6. classifier for classes, lectures etc 7. classifier for sets of furniture (HSK 7-9)
刻: kè — 1. quarter (hour) 2. moment 3. to carve 4. to engrave 5. to cut 6. oppressive 7. classifier for short time intervals (HSK 2)
字: zì — 1. letter 2. symbol 3. character 4. word 5. classifier: 個 (gè) 6. courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China (HSK 1)
處: chǔ — 1. to reside 2. to live 3. to dwell 4. to be in 5. to be situated at 6. to stay 7. to get along with 8. to be in a position of 9. to deal with 10. to discipline 11. to punish (HSK 4)
下方: xià fāng — 1. underneath 2. below 3. the underside 4. world of mortals 5. to descend to the world of mortals (of gods)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
民國: Mín guó — 1. Republic of China (1912-1949) 2. used in Taiwan as the name of the calendar era (e.g. 民國六十年 is 1971, the 60th year after 1911)
壬戌: rén xū — fifty-ninth year I11 of the 60 year cycle, e.g. 1982 or 2042
慎獨: shèn dú — to preserve a proper behavior in private life
山: Shān — surname Shan (HSK 1)
房: Fáng — surname Fang
刻本: kè běn — block printed edition
無: mó — used in 南無 (nā mó) (HSK 4)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
姓名: xìng míng — surname and given name; full name (HSK 2)
但是: dàn shì — but; however (HSK 2)
雙: Shuāng — surname Shuang (HSK 3)
料: liào — 1. material 2. stuff 3. grain 4. feed 5. to expect 6. to anticipate 7. to guess (HSK 6)
畫法: huà fǎ — 1. painting technique 2. drawing method
一面: yī miàn — 1. one side 2. one aspect 3. simultaneously... (and...) 4. one's whole face (HSK 7-9)
詐: zhà — 1. to cheat 2. to swindle 3. to pretend 4. to feign 5. to draw sb out 6. to try to extract information by deceit or bluff
跌: diē — 1. to fall 2. to tumble 3. to trip 4. (of prices etc) to drop 5. Taiwan pr. (dié) (HSK 6)
臥: wò — 1. to lie 2. to crouch (HSK 7-9)
地: de — 1. -ly 2. structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct (HSK 1)
一面: yī miàn — 1. one side 2. one aspect 3. simultaneously... (and...) 4. one's whole face (HSK 7-9)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
嬰兒: yīng ér — 1. infant 2. baby 3. classifier: 個 (gè) 4. lead (Pb) (HSK 7-9)
戲: xì — 1. trick 2. drama 3. play 4. show 5. classifier: 齣 (chū), 場 (chǎng), 臺 (tái) (HSK 5)
將: jiāng — 1. will 2. shall 3. to use 4. to take 5. to checkmate 6. just a short while ago 7. (introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把 (bǎ)) (HSK 5)
兩: liǎng — 1. two 2. both 3. some 4. a few 5. tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤 (jīn) (old) (HSK 1)
件: jiàn — 1. item 2. component 3. classifier for events, things, clothes etc (HSK 2)
事: shì — 1. matter 2. thing 3. item 4. work 5. affair 6. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng), 回 (huí) (HSK 1)
合: gě — 1. 100 ml 2. one-tenth of a peck 3. measure for dry grain equal to one-tenth of sheng 升 or liter, or one-hundredth dou 斗 (HSK 3)
起來: qǐ lai — 1. to stand up; to get up 2. also pr. (qǐ lái) (HSK 1)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
將: jiāng — 1. will 2. shall 3. to use 4. to take 5. to checkmate 6. just a short while ago 7. (introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把 (bǎ)) (HSK 5)
斑斕: bān lán — gorgeous; brightly colored; multicolored
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
衣: yī — 1. clothes 2. classifier: 件 (jiàn) 3. Kangxi radical 145
忘却: wàng què — to forget
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
吳: Wú — 1. surname Wu 2. area comprising southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and Shanghai 3. name of states in southern China at different historical periods
友: yǒu — friend
如畫: rú huà — picturesque
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
合: gě — 1. 100 ml 2. one-tenth of a peck 3. measure for dry grain equal to one-tenth of sheng 升 or liter, or one-hundredth dou 斗 (HSK 3)
兩: liǎng — 1. two 2. both 3. some 4. a few 5. tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤 (jīn) (old) (HSK 1)
事: shì — 1. matter 2. thing 3. item 4. work 5. affair 6. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng), 回 (huí) (HSK 1)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
忘: wàng — 1. to forget 2. to overlook 3. to neglect (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
斑斕: bān lán — gorgeous; brightly colored; multicolored
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
衣: yī — 1. clothes 2. classifier: 件 (jiàn) 3. Kangxi radical 145
只是: zhǐ shì — 1. merely; only; just; nothing but 2. simply 3. but; however (HSK 3)
老: lǎo — 1. prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family or to indicate affection or familiarity 2. old (of people) 3. venerable (person) 4. experienced 5. of long standing 6. always 7. all the time 8. of the past 9. very 10. outdated 11. (of meat etc) tough (HSK 1)
萊: lái — 1. name of weed plant (fat hen, goosefoot, pigweed etc) 2. Chenopodium album
子: zǐ — 1. son 2. child 3. seed 4. egg 5. small thing 6. 1st earthly branch: 11 p.m.–1 a.m., midnight, 11th solar month (7th December to 5th January), year of the rat 7. viscount, fourth of five orders of nobility 五等爵位 (wǔ děng jué wèi) 8. ancient Chinese compass point: 0° (north) 9. subsidiary; subordinate; (prefix) sub-
比較: bǐ jiào — 1. to compare 2. to contrast 3. comparatively 4. relatively 5. quite 6. comparison (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
胖: pán — 1. healthy 2. at ease (HSK 3)
一些: yī xiē — some; a few; a little; (following an adjective) slightly ...er (HSK 1)
且: qiě — 1. and 2. moreover 3. yet 4. for the time being 5. to be about to 6. both (... and...) (HSK 7-9)
綰: wǎn — 1. bind up 2. string together
着: zhāo — variant of 著 (zhāo) (HSK 1)
雙: Shuāng — surname Shuang (HSK 3)
丫髻: yā jì — 1. bun (of hair) 2. topknot
不過: bù guò — 1. only 2. merely 3. no more than 4. but 5. however 6. anyway (to get back to a previous topic) 7. cannot be more (after adjectival) (HSK 2)
還是: hái shi — 1. still (as before) 2. had better 3. unexpectedly 4. or (HSK 1)
無趣: wú qù — dull; vapid; colorless
味: wèi — 1. taste 2. smell 3. (fig.) (noun suffix) feel 4. quality 5. sense 6. (TCM) classifier for ingredients of a medicine prescription

，，。People say that satire and cold mockery are separated only by a single sheet of paper; I think the same is true of charm and sickly sentimentality.，，。A child acting coquettish toward its parents can look charming, but if it were a grown adult, it would inevitably look rather unpleasant.，，。When an uninhibited husband and wife display their mutual affection in front of others, the moment they step even slightly past the boundary of what is charming, it easily turns into something sickly and cloying.，。It is no wonder, then, that no one has ever managed to paint Lao Laizi's affected posturing well.，，「」。In a family like the ones shown in these pictures, I would not be able to live comfortably for even a single day — just look at this seventy-year-old old gentleman, playing with a "rattle-drum" in false affectation the whole year round.

人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
諷刺: fěng cì — 1. to satirize 2. to mock 3. irony 4. satire 5. sarcasm (HSK 7-9)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
冷: Lěng — surname Leng (HSK 1)
嘲: cháo — 1. to ridicule 2. to mock
只: zhī — variant of 隻 (zhī) (HSK 2)
隔: gé — 1. to separate 2. to partition 3. to stand or lie between 4. at a distance from 5. after or at an interval of (HSK 4)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
張: Zhāng — surname Zhang (HSK 3)
紙: zhǐ — 1. paper (classifier: 張 (zhāng), 沓 (dá)) 2. classifier for documents, letters etc (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
以: Yǐ — abbr. for Israel 以色列 (Yǐ sè liè) (HSK 7-9)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
有趣: yǒu qù — interesting; fascinating; amusing (HSK 4)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
肉麻: ròu má — 1. sickening 2. corny 3. sappy 4. maudlin 5. fulsome (of praise)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
一樣: yī yàng — 1. same 2. like 3. equal to 4. the same as 5. just like (HSK 1)
孩子: hái zi — child (HSK 1)
對: duì — 1. right; correct 2. towards; at; for 3. concerning; regarding 4. to treat (sb a certain way) 5. to face 6. (bound form) opposite; facing; matching 7. to match together; to adjust 8. to fit; to suit 9. to answer; to reply 10. to add; to pour in (a fluid) 11. to check; to compare 12. classifier: couple; pair (HSK 1)
父母: fù mǔ — father and mother; parents (HSK 3)
撒嬌: sā jiāo — 1. to act like a spoiled child 2. to throw a tantrum 3. to act coquettishly
可以: kě yǐ — 1. can 2. may 3. possible 4. able to 5. not bad 6. pretty good (HSK 2)
看: kān — 1. to look after 2. to take care of 3. to watch 4. to guard (HSK 1)
得: dé — 1. to obtain 2. to get 3. to gain 4. to catch (a disease) 5. proper 6. suitable 7. proud 8. contented 9. to allow 10. to permit 11. ready 12. finished (HSK 2)
有趣: yǒu qù — interesting; fascinating; amusing (HSK 4)
若是: ruò shì — if
成人: chéng rén — 1. to reach adulthood 2. an adult (HSK 4)
便: biàn — 1. plain 2. informal 3. suitable 4. convenient 5. opportune 6. to urinate or defecate 7. equivalent to 就 (jiù): then 8. in that case 9. even if 10. soon afterwards (HSK 6)
未免: wèi miǎn — 1. unavoidably 2. can't help 3. really 4. rather (HSK 7-9)
有些: yǒu xiē — 1. some 2. somewhat; rather; a bit
不順: bù shùn — 1. unfavorable 2. adverse
眼: yǎn — 1. eye (classifier: 隻 (zhī), 雙 (shuāng)) 2. (often used with 一 (yī)) a look; a glance 3. small hole 4. (bound form) salient point 5. classifier for wells, cave-dwellings etc (HSK 2)
放: fàng — 1. to put 2. to place 3. to release 4. to free 5. to let go 6. to let out 7. to set off (fireworks) (HSK 1)
達: Dá — surname Da
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
夫妻: fū qī — husband and wife; married couple (HSK 4)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
面前: miàn qián — 1. in front of 2. facing 3. (in the) presence (of) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
互相: hù xiāng — 1. each other 2. mutually 3. mutual (HSK 3)
愛憐: ài lián — 1. to show tenderness 2. to coo over 3. affection
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
態度: tài du — 1. manner 2. bearing 3. attitude 4. approach 5. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 2)
有時: yǒu shí — 1. sometimes 2. now and then (HSK 1)
略: lüè — 1. brief; sketchy 2. outline; summary 3. to omit 4. (bound form before a single-character verb) a bit; somewhat; slightly 5. plan; strategy 6. to capture (territory) (HSK 7-9)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
跨: kuà — 1. to step across 2. to stride over 3. to straddle 4. to span (HSK 6)
出: chū — 1. to go out; to come out 2. to arise; to occur 3. to produce; to yield 4. to go beyond; to exceed 5. (used after a verb to indicate an outward direction or a positive result) 6. classifier for dramas, plays, operas etc (HSK 1)
有趣: yǒu qù — interesting; fascinating; amusing (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
界線: jiè xiàn — 1. limits 2. bounds 3. dividing line (HSK 7-9)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
容易: róng yì — 1. easy; straightforward 2. likely; liable to; apt to (HSK 3)
變: biàn — 1. to change 2. to become different 3. to transform 4. to vary 5. rebellion (HSK 2)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
肉麻: ròu má — 1. sickening 2. corny 3. sappy 4. maudlin 5. fulsome (of praise)
老: lǎo — 1. prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family or to indicate affection or familiarity 2. old (of people) 3. venerable (person) 4. experienced 5. of long standing 6. always 7. all the time 8. of the past 9. very 10. outdated 11. (of meat etc) tough (HSK 1)
萊: lái — 1. name of weed plant (fat hen, goosefoot, pigweed etc) 2. Chenopodium album
子: zǐ — 1. son 2. child 3. seed 4. egg 5. small thing 6. 1st earthly branch: 11 p.m.–1 a.m., midnight, 11th solar month (7th December to 5th January), year of the rat 7. viscount, fourth of five orders of nobility 五等爵位 (wǔ děng jué wèi) 8. ancient Chinese compass point: 0° (north) 9. subsidiary; subordinate; (prefix) sub-
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
作態: zuò tài — to put on an attitude; to pose
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
正: zhēng — first month of the lunar year (HSK 1)
無怪: wú guài — 1. No wonder! 2. not surprising
誰: shéi — 1. who 2. also pr. (shuí) (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
不好: bù hǎo — no good
像: xiàng — 1. to resemble 2. to be like 3. to look as if 4. such as 5. appearance 6. image 7. portrait 8. image under a mapping (math.) (HSK 2)
這些: zhè xiē — these (HSK 1)
圖畫: tú huà — 1. drawing 2. picture (HSK 3)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
似的: shì de — 1. seems as if 2. rather like 3. Taiwan pr. (sì de) (HSK 4)
家庭: jiā tíng — 1. family; household 2. classifier: 戶 (hù) (HSK 2)
裏: lǐ — variant of 裡 (lǐ) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
天: tiān — 1. day 2. sky 3. heaven (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
住: zhù — 1. to live; to reside; to stay 2. to stop; to cease 3. (result complement indicating firmness or a stable achieved state) (HSK 1)
不舒服: bù shū fu — 1. unwell 2. feeling ill 3. to feel uncomfortable 4. uneasy
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
你: nǐ — you (informal, as opposed to courteous 您 (nín)) (HSK 1)
看: kān — 1. to look after 2. to take care of 3. to watch 4. to guard (HSK 1)
這樣: zhè yàng — 1. this way; like this; so 2. (before a noun) this kind of; such (HSK 2)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
位: wèi — 1. position 2. location 3. place 4. seat 5. classifier for people (honorific) 6. classifier for binary bits (e.g. 十六位 16-bit or 2 bytes) 7. (physics) potential (HSK 2)
七十: qī shí — 1. seventy 2. 70
歲: suì — 1. classifier for years (of age) 2. year 3. year (of crop harvests) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
老太爺: lǎo tài yé — 1. elderly gentleman (respectful) 2. esteemed father
整: zhěng — 1. (bound form) whole; complete; entire; (before a measure word) whole; (before or after number + measure word) exactly 2. (bound form) in good order; tidy; neat 3. (bound form) to put in order; to straighten 4. (bound form) to repair; to mend; to renovate 5. (coll.) to fix sb; to give sb a hard time; to mess with sb 6. (dialect) to tinker with; to do sth to (HSK 3)
年假: nián jià — 1. annual leave 2. New Year holidays
惺惺: xīng xīng — 1. (literary) awake 2. (literary) intelligent; clever
地: de — 1. -ly 2. structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct (HSK 1)
玩: wán — 1. to play 2. to have fun 3. to trifle with 4. toy 5. sth used for amusement 6. curio or antique (Taiwan pr. (wàn)) 7. to keep sth for entertainment
着: zhāo — variant of 著 (zhāo) (HSK 1)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
搖: Yáo — surname Yao (HSK 4)
咕咚: gū dōng — 1. splash 2. (onom.) for heavy things falling down

，，，，，。People of the Han dynasty liked, in the stone chambers of palaces and before tombs, to paint or carve pictures of ancient emperors, Confucius's disciples, exemplary gentlemen, exemplary women, filial sons, and the like.；The palaces, of course, have not a single rafter left standing;，。but the stone chambers do occasionally still survive, and the most complete is the Wu Family Shrine in Jiaxiang County, Shandong.。I seem to recall that the story of Lao Laizi is carved right there on it.，《》，；But at present I have neither a rubbing on hand nor a copy of the Jinshi Cuibian, so I am unable to look it up;，，。otherwise, comparing the present-day pictures with those of some eighteen hundred years ago would be a rather interesting thing to do.

漢朝: Hàn cháo — Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
宮殿: gōng diàn — 1. palace 2. classifier: 座 (zuò) (HSK 7-9)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
墓: mù — 1. grave 2. tomb 3. mausoleum (HSK 6)
前: qián — 1. front 2. forward 3. ahead 4. first 5. top (followed by a number) 6. future 7. ago 8. before 9. BC (e.g. 前293年) 10. former 11. formerly (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
石: Shí — 1. surname Shi 2. abbr. for Shijiazhuang 石家莊 (Shí jiā zhuāng), the capital of Hebei
室: Shì — surname Shi (HSK 3)
裏: lǐ — variant of 裡 (lǐ) (HSK 1)
多: duō — 1. many; much; more; a lot of 2. too many; in excess 3. (after a numeral) ... odd 4. how (to what extent) (Taiwan pr. (duó)) 5. (bound form) multi-; poly- (HSK 1)
喜歡: xǐ huan — to like; to be fond of (HSK 1)
繪畫: huì huà — to draw; to paint (HSK 6)
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
彫: diāo — variant of 雕 (diāo), to engrave (HSK 7-9)
刻: kè — 1. quarter (hour) 2. moment 3. to carve 4. to engrave 5. to cut 6. oppressive 7. classifier for short time intervals (HSK 2)
古來: gǔ lái — since ancient times; it has ever been the case that
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
帝王: dì wáng — 1. regent 2. monarch
孔子: Kǒng zǐ — Confucius (551-479 BC), Chinese thinker and social philosopher, also known as 孔夫子 (Kǒng fū zǐ)
弟子: dì zǐ — disciple; follower (HSK 7-9)
列: liè — 1. to arrange 2. to line up 3. file 4. series 5. (in data tables) column 6. (Tw) row (HSK 4)
士: Shì — surname Shi
列: liè — 1. to arrange 2. to line up 3. file 4. series 5. (in data tables) column 6. (Tw) row (HSK 4)
女: nǚ — 1. female 2. woman 3. daughter (HSK 1)
孝子: xiào zǐ — filial son
之類: zhī lèi — 1. and so on 2. and such (HSK 6)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
宮殿: gōng diàn — 1. palace 2. classifier: 座 (zuò) (HSK 7-9)
當然: dāng rán — 1. only natural 2. as it should be 3. certainly 4. of course 5. without doubt (HSK 3)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
椽: chuán — 1. beam 2. rafter 3. classifier for rooms
不: bù — 1. no; not so 2. (bound form) not; un- (HSK 1)
存: cún — 1. to exist 2. to deposit 3. to store 4. to keep 5. to survive (HSK 3)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
石: Shí — 1. surname Shi 2. abbr. for Shijiazhuang 石家莊 (Shí jiā zhuāng), the capital of Hebei
室: Shì — surname Shi (HSK 3)
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
偶然: ǒu rán — 1. incidentally 2. occasional 3. occasionally 4. by chance 5. randomly (HSK 5)
還有: hái yǒu — 1. there still remain(s); there is (or are) still 2. in addition (HSK 1)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
最: zuì — 1. (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est 2. (after 之 (zhī)) best or most extreme example (e.g. 世界之最 (shì jiè zhī zuì) "the greatest in the world") (HSK 1)
完全: wán quán — 1. complete; whole 2. totally; entirely (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
山東: Shān dōng — see 山東省 (Shān dōng Shěng)
嘉祥縣: Jiā xiáng Xiàn — Jiaxiang, a county in Jining City 濟寧市 (Jǐ níng Shì), Shandong
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
武: Wǔ — surname Wu
氏: shì — 1. (bound form) family name; surname (as in 王氏 (Wáng shì) "the Wang clan") 2. (bound form) maiden name; née (as in 李王氏 (Lǐ Wáng shì) "Mrs. Li, née Wang") 3. (bound form) honorific suffix added to the surname or full name of a notable person, esp. historical or scholarly figures
石: Shí — 1. surname Shi 2. abbr. for Shijiazhuang 石家莊 (Shí jiā zhuāng), the capital of Hebei
室: Shì — surname Shi (HSK 3)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
彷彿: fǎng fú — 1. to seem; as if; seemingly 2. alike; similar (HSK 6)
記得: jì de — to remember (HSK 1)
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
上面: shàng miàn — 1. on top of 2. above-mentioned 3. also pr. (shàng mian) (HSK 3)
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
刻: kè — 1. quarter (hour) 2. moment 3. to carve 4. to engrave 5. to cut 6. oppressive 7. classifier for short time intervals (HSK 2)
着: zhāo — variant of 著 (zhāo) (HSK 1)
老: lǎo — 1. prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family or to indicate affection or familiarity 2. old (of people) 3. venerable (person) 4. experienced 5. of long standing 6. always 7. all the time 8. of the past 9. very 10. outdated 11. (of meat etc) tough (HSK 1)
萊: lái — 1. name of weed plant (fat hen, goosefoot, pigweed etc) 2. Chenopodium album
子: zǐ — 1. son 2. child 3. seed 4. egg 5. small thing 6. 1st earthly branch: 11 p.m.–1 a.m., midnight, 11th solar month (7th December to 5th January), year of the rat 7. viscount, fourth of five orders of nobility 五等爵位 (wǔ děng jué wèi) 8. ancient Chinese compass point: 0° (north) 9. subsidiary; subordinate; (prefix) sub-
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
故事: gù shì — old practice (HSK 2)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
現在: xiàn zài — now; at present; currently (HSK 1)
手頭: shǒu tóu — 1. on hand 2. at hand 3. one's financial situation (HSK 7-9)
既: jì — 1. already 2. since 3. both... (and...) (HSK 4)
沒有: méi yǒu — 1. haven't 2. hasn't 3. doesn't exist 4. to not have 5. to not be (HSK 1)
搨: tà — to make a rubbing
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
沒有: méi yǒu — 1. haven't 2. hasn't 3. doesn't exist 4. to not have 5. to not be (HSK 1)
金石: jīn shí — 1. metal and stone 2. fig. hard objects 3. inscription on metal or bronze
萃: cuì — 1. collect 2. collection 3. dense 4. grassy 5. thick 6. assemble 7. gather
編: biān — 1. to weave 2. to plait 3. to organize 4. to group 5. to arrange 6. to edit 7. to compile 8. to write 9. to compose 10. to fabricate 11. to make up (HSK 4)
不能: bù néng — 1. cannot 2. must not 3. should not
查考: chá kǎo — to examine; to investigate; to try to determine
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
否則: fǒu zé — otherwise; if not; or (else) (HSK 4)
將: jiāng — 1. will 2. shall 3. to use 4. to take 5. to checkmate 6. just a short while ago 7. (introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把 (bǎ)) (HSK 5)
現時: xiàn shí — current
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
和約: hé yuē — peace treaty
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
千: qiān — thousand (HSK 2)
八: bā — eight (HSK 1)
百年: bǎi nián — 1. hundred years; century 2. (fig.) a whole lifetime; a person's whole life
前: qián — 1. front 2. forward 3. ahead 4. first 5. top (followed by a number) 6. future 7. ago 8. before 9. BC (e.g. 前293年) 10. former 11. formerly (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
圖畫: tú huà — 1. drawing 2. picture (HSK 3)
比較: bǐ jiào — 1. to compare 2. to contrast 3. comparatively 4. relatively 5. quite 6. comparison (HSK 3)
起來: qǐ lai — 1. to stand up; to get up 2. also pr. (qǐ lái) (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
一種: yī zhǒng — one kind of; one type of
頗: Pō — 1. surname Po 2. Taiwan pr. (Pǒ) (HSK 7-9)
有趣: yǒu qù — interesting; fascinating; amusing (HSK 4)
味: wèi — 1. taste 2. smell 3. (fig.) (noun suffix) feel 4. quality 5. sense 6. (TCM) classifier for ingredients of a medicine prescription
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
事: shì — 1. matter 2. thing 3. item 4. work 5. affair 6. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng), 回 (huí) (HSK 1)

，《》：Concerning Lao Laizi, the Bai Xiao Tu also contains a passage like this:

關: Guān — surname Guan (HSK 1)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
老: lǎo — 1. prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family or to indicate affection or familiarity 2. old (of people) 3. venerable (person) 4. experienced 5. of long standing 6. always 7. all the time 8. of the past 9. very 10. outdated 11. (of meat etc) tough (HSK 1)
萊: lái — 1. name of weed plant (fat hen, goosefoot, pigweed etc) 2. Chenopodium album
子: zǐ — 1. son 2. child 3. seed 4. egg 5. small thing 6. 1st earthly branch: 11 p.m.–1 a.m., midnight, 11th solar month (7th December to 5th January), year of the rat 7. viscount, fourth of five orders of nobility 五等爵位 (wǔ děng jué wèi) 8. ancient Chinese compass point: 0° (north) 9. subsidiary; subordinate; (prefix) sub-
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
百: Bǎi — surname Bai (HSK 1)
孝: xiào — 1. filial piety or obedience 2. mourning apparel
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
還有: hái yǒu — 1. there still remain(s); there is (or are) still 2. in addition (HSK 1)
這樣: zhè yàng — 1. this way; like this; so 2. (before a noun) this kind of; such (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
段: Duàn — surname Duan (HSK 2)

《》？Who wrote the Gao Shi Zhuan (Biographies of Lofty Scholars)?，？Was it Ji Kang's, or Huangfu Mi's?，。Once again I have no book at hand, and so have no way to look it up.，《》，，，。Only recently, because I unexpectedly received a month's salary for free, did I steel myself and buy a copy of the Taiping Yulan, and I went through it looking for the passage, but in the end could not find it; unless I was careless, it must come from some other Tang or Song encyclopedic compilation.。But this is not of any great importance either.，「」。What strikes me as peculiar is the character "chú" (雛) in the text.

誰: shéi — 1. who 2. also pr. (shuí) (HSK 1)
做: zuò — 1. to make; to produce 2. to write; to compose 3. to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc) 4. (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, friends etc) 5. (of a thing) to serve as; to be used for 6. to assume (an air or manner) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
高: Gāo — surname Gao (HSK 1)
士: Shì — surname Shi
傳: chuán — 1. to pass on 2. to spread 3. to transmit 4. to infect 5. to transfer 6. to circulate 7. to conduct (electricity) (HSK 3)
呢: ne — 1. (sentence-final particle) used in questions to link back to prior discourse or context ("what about...?", "and...?") 2. (sentence-final particle) indicating that a state or situation still holds 3. (discourse particle) used to mark a slight pause or emphasis in speech (HSK 1)
嵇: Jī — 1. surname Ji 2. name of a mountain
康: Kāng — surname Kang
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
還是: hái shi — 1. still (as before) 2. had better 3. unexpectedly 4. or (HSK 1)
皇甫: Huáng fǔ — two-character surname Huangfu
謐: mì — (literary) quiet; peaceful; tranquil
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
還是: hái shi — 1. still (as before) 2. had better 3. unexpectedly 4. or (HSK 1)
手頭: shǒu tóu — 1. on hand 2. at hand 3. one's financial situation (HSK 7-9)
沒有: méi yǒu — 1. haven't 2. hasn't 3. doesn't exist 4. to not have 5. to not be (HSK 1)
書: Shū — abbr. for 書經 (Shū jīng) (HSK 1)
無從: wú cóng — 1. not to have access 2. beyond one's authority or capability 3. sth one has no way of doing
查考: chá kǎo — to examine; to investigate; to try to determine
只: zhī — variant of 隻 (zhī) (HSK 2)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
新近: xīn jìn — newly
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
白: Bái — 1. surname Bai 2. Bai ethnic group (HSK 1)
得了: dé le — 1. all right! 2. that's enough! (HSK 5)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
月: yuè — 1. moon 2. month 3. monthly 4. classifier: 個 (gè), 輪 (lún) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
薪水: xīn shuǐ — 1. salary 2. wage (HSK 6)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
纔: cái — 1. (variant of 才 (cái)) just now 2. (variant of 才 (cái)) (before an expression of quantity) only (HSK 2)
發: fā — 1. to send out 2. to show (one's feeling) 3. to issue 4. to develop 5. to make a bundle of money 6. classifier for gunshots (rounds) (HSK 2)
狠: hěn — 1. ruthless; fierce; ferocious 2. determined; resolute 3. to harden (one's heart) 4. old variant of 很 (hěn) (HSK 6)
買: mǎi — 1. to buy 2. to purchase (HSK 1)
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
太平御覽: Tài píng Yù lǎn — Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era, general Song dynasty encyclopedia compiled during 977-983 under Li Fang 李昉 (Lǐ Fǎng), 1000 scrolls
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
查: Zhā — surname Zha (HSK 2)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
通: tōng — 1. to go through 2. to know well 3. (suffix) expert 4. to connect 5. to communicate 6. open 7. to clear 8. classifier for letters, telegrams, phone calls etc (HSK 2)
到底: dào dǐ — 1. finally 2. in the end 3. when all is said and done 4. after all 5. to the end 6. to the last (HSK 3)
查: Zhā — surname Zha (HSK 2)
不着: bù zháo — 1. no need 2. need not
倘: cháng — used in 倘佯 (cháng yáng)
不是: bù shì — 1. no 2. is not 3. not
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
粗心: cū xīn — 1. careless 2. thoughtless (HSK 4)
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
就是: jiù shì — 1. exactly; precisely 2. only; simply; just 3. (used correlatively with 也 (yě)) even; even if (HSK 3)
出于: chū yú — 1. due to 2. to stem from (HSK 5)
別的: bié de — 1. else 2. other (HSK 1)
唐宋: Táng Sòng — the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
類書: lèi shū — reference book consisting of material quoted from many sources, arranged by category (about 600 of which were compiled between the 3rd and 18th centuries in China)
裏: lǐ — variant of 裡 (lǐ) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
沒有: méi yǒu — 1. haven't 2. hasn't 3. doesn't exist 4. to not have 5. to not be (HSK 1)
什: shén — what
麽: me — variant of 麼 (me)
大關: Dà guān — see 大關縣 (Dà guān Xiàn)
係: xì — 1. to connect 2. to relate to 3. to tie up 4. to bind 5. to be (literary) (HSK 3)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
覺得: jué de — 1. to think that ...; to feel that ... 2. to feel (uncomfortable etc) (HSK 1)
特別: tè bié — 1. unusual; special 2. very; especially; particularly 3. expressly; for a specific purpose 4. (often followed by 是 (shì)) in particular (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
文: Wén — surname Wen (HSK 7-9)
中的: zhòng dì — 1. to hit the target 2. (fig.) to hit the nail on the head
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
雛: chú — (bound form) chick; young bird
字: zì — 1. letter 2. symbol 3. character 4. word 5. classifier: 個 (gè) 6. courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China (HSK 1)

，「」。I suspect that this "chú" need not necessarily mean a young bird.，，Hina，「」。The little human figures that children like to play with, made of clay and silk or cloth, are also called "Hina" in Japan, written with the character 雛.；Over there, ancient Chinese words are often preserved;，。and it would be more natural for Lao Laizi to have played with a child's toy in front of his parents than with a young bird.Doll，「」「」，「」，「」，，。So it may well be that the English "doll" — what we now call a "foreign baby-doll" or a "clay figurine," and for which we can only write the character 傀儡 ("puppet") in writing — was called "chú" by the ancients, a usage that later died out in China and survived only in Japan.，。But this is merely a passing conjecture of mine, and beyond it I have no solid evidence.

我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
想: xiǎng — 1. to think (about) 2. to think of; to devise 3. to think (that); to believe (that) 4. to desire; to want (to) 5. to miss (feel wistful about the absence of) (HSK 1)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
雛: chú — (bound form) chick; young bird
未必: wèi bì — 1. not necessarily 2. maybe not (HSK 4)
一定: yī dìng — 1. surely; certainly; definitely 2. fixed; settled 3. a certain ...; a given ... (HSK 2)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
小: xiǎo — 1. small 2. tiny 3. few 4. young (HSK 1)
禽鳥: qín niǎo — 1. birds 2. fowl
孩子們: hái zi men — children
喜歡: xǐ huan — to like; to be fond of (HSK 1)
弄: lòng — 1. lane 2. alley (HSK 2)
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
玩耍: wán shuǎ — 1. to play (as children do) 2. to amuse oneself (HSK 7-9)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
用: yòng — 1. to use; to make use of; to employ 2. (coverb) with; using 3. to need; to have to (usu. used in the negative or in questions) 4. usefulness; utility 5. (bound form) expense; outlay 6. (courteous) to eat; to drink 7. (literary) hence; therefore (HSK 1)
泥: ní — 1. mud 2. clay 3. paste 4. pulp (HSK 6)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
綢: chóu — 1. (light) silk 2. classifier: 匹 (pǐ)
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
布: bù — 1. cloth 2. to declare 3. to announce 4. to spread 5. to make known (HSK 3)
做: zuò — 1. to make; to produce 2. to write; to compose 3. to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc) 4. (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, friends etc) 5. (of a thing) to serve as; to be used for 6. to assume (an air or manner) (HSK 1)
成: Chéng — 1. surname Cheng 2. short name for Chengdu 成都 (Chéng dū) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
人形: rén xíng — 1. human form 2. human-shaped; humanoid
日本: Rì běn — Japan
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
叫: jiào — 1. to shout 2. to call 3. to order 4. to ask 5. to be called 6. by (indicates agent in the passive mood) (HSK 1)
寫作: xiě zuò — 1. to write 2. to compose 3. writing 4. written works (HSK 3)
雛: chú — (bound form) chick; young bird
他們: tā men — they; them (HSK 1)
那里: nà li — there; that place (HSK 1)
往往: wǎng wǎng — 1. usually 2. in many cases 3. more often than not (HSK 3)
存留: cún liú — 1. remaining 2. extant
中國: Zhōng guó — China (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
古語: gǔ yǔ — 1. ancient language 2. old expression
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
老: lǎo — 1. prefix used before the surname of a person or a numeral indicating the order of birth of the children in a family or to indicate affection or familiarity 2. old (of people) 3. venerable (person) 4. experienced 5. of long standing 6. always 7. all the time 8. of the past 9. very 10. outdated 11. (of meat etc) tough (HSK 1)
萊: lái — 1. name of weed plant (fat hen, goosefoot, pigweed etc) 2. Chenopodium album
子: zǐ — 1. son 2. child 3. seed 4. egg 5. small thing 6. 1st earthly branch: 11 p.m.–1 a.m., midnight, 11th solar month (7th December to 5th January), year of the rat 7. viscount, fourth of five orders of nobility 五等爵位 (wǔ děng jué wèi) 8. ancient Chinese compass point: 0° (north) 9. subsidiary; subordinate; (prefix) sub-
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
父母: fù mǔ — father and mother; parents (HSK 3)
面前: miàn qián — 1. in front of 2. facing 3. (in the) presence (of) (HSK 2)
弄: lòng — 1. lane 2. alley (HSK 2)
孩子: hái zi — child (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
玩具: wán jù — 1. plaything 2. toy (HSK 3)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
比: Bǐ — 1. Belgium 2. Belgian 3. abbr. for 比利時 (Bǐ lì shí) (HSK 1)
弄: lòng — 1. lane 2. alley (HSK 2)
小: xiǎo — 1. small 2. tiny 3. few 4. young (HSK 1)
禽鳥: qín niǎo — 1. birds 2. fowl
更: gēng — 1. to change or replace 2. to experience 3. one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided 4. watch (e.g. of a sentry or guard) (HSK 2)
自然: zì rán — 1. nature 2. natural 3. naturally (HSK 3)
所以: suǒ yǐ — 1. therefore 2. as a result 3. so 4. the reason why (HSK 2)
英語: Yīng yǔ — English (language) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
即: jí — 1. namely 2. that is 3. i.e. 4. prompt 5. at once 6. at present 7. even if 8. prompted (by the occasion) 9. to approach 10. to come into contact 11. to assume (office) 12. to draw near (HSK 7-9)
我們: wǒ men — we; us; ourselves; our (HSK 1)
現在: xiàn zài — now; at present; currently (HSK 1)
稱: chèn — 1. to fit; to match; to suit 2. (coll.) to have; to possess 3. Taiwan pr. (chèng)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
洋: yáng — 1. ocean 2. vast 3. foreign 4. silver dollar or coin (HSK 6)
囡囡: nān nān — 1. little darling 2. baby
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
泥人: ní rén — clay figurine
兒: ér — 1. child 2. son
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
文字: wén zì — 1. character 2. script 3. writing 4. written language 5. writing style 6. phraseology 7. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
只好: zhǐ hǎo — to have no other option but to ...; to have to; to be forced to (HSK 3)
寫作: xiě zuò — 1. to write 2. to compose 3. writing 4. written works (HSK 3)
傀儡: kuǐ lěi — (lit. and fig.) puppet
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
說不定: shuō bu dìng — 1. can't say for sure 2. maybe (HSK 4)
古人: gǔ rén — 1. people of ancient times 2. the ancients 3. extinct human species such as Homo erectus or Homo neanderthalensis 4. (literary) deceased person (HSK 7-9)
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
稱: chèn — 1. to fit; to match; to suit 2. (coll.) to have; to possess 3. Taiwan pr. (chèng)
雛: chú — (bound form) chick; young bird
後來: hòu lái — 1. afterwards; later 2. newly arrived (HSK 2)
中: Zhōng — 1. (bound form) China; Chinese 2. surname Zhong (HSK 1)
絕: jué — 1. to cut short 2. extinct 3. to disappear 4. to vanish 5. absolutely 6. by no means (HSK 6)
便: biàn — 1. plain 2. informal 3. suitable 4. convenient 5. opportune 6. to urinate or defecate 7. equivalent to 就 (jiù): then 8. in that case 9. even if 10. soon afterwards (HSK 6)
只: zhī — variant of 隻 (zhī) (HSK 2)
殘存: cán cún — 1. to survive 2. remnant
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
日本: Rì běn — Japan
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
這不: zhè bu — (coll.) As a matter of fact, ... (used to introduce evidence for what one has just asserted)
過: Guō — surname Guo (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
一時: yī shí — 1. a period of time 2. a while 3. for a short while 4. temporary 5. momentary 6. at the same time (HSK 6)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
臆測: yì cè — 1. to speculate 2. to conjecture
此外: cǐ wài — besides; in addition; moreover; furthermore (HSK 4)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
並: bìng — 1. and 2. furthermore 3. also 4. together with 5. (not) at all 6. simultaneously 7. to combine 8. to join 9. to merge (HSK 3)
無: mó — used in 南無 (nā mó) (HSK 4)
什: shén — what
麽: me — variant of 麼 (me)
堅實: jiān shí — 1. firm and substantial 2. solid (HSK 7-9)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
憑證: píng zhèng — 1. proof 2. certificate 3. receipt 4. voucher (HSK 7-9)

，。This business of playing with the "chú" does not seem to have been depicted in any picture by anyone, either.

，「」。The other batch I collected consists of books containing pictures of "Wuchang" (the Life-Is-Impermanent spirit).《》（），《》（）。One is called Yuli Chaochuan Jingshi (or without the last two characters), the other Yuli Zhibao Chao (or written as Bian).。In fact the two are pretty much the same.，，，；As for the collecting of them, I must first of all thank my friend Chang Weijun again — he sent me the Beijing Longguangzhai edition, and also the Jianguangzhai edition;，；the Tianjin Siguozhai edition, and also a lithograph-bureau edition;。and the Nanjing Li Guangming Zhuang edition.，，，。Next, my friend Zhang Maochen gave me the Hangzhou Manao Jingfang edition, the Shaoxing Xu Guangji edition, and a recent lithograph edition.，，。And after that, I myself obtained the Guangzhou Baojingge edition, and also the Hanyuanlou edition.

我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
蒐集: sōu jí — to gather; to collect (HSK 7-9)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
另一: lìng yī — another ...; the other ...
批: pī — 1. to ascertain 2. to act on 3. to criticize 4. to pass on 5. classifier for batches, lots, military flights 6. tier (for the ranking of universities and colleges) (HSK 4)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
內: nèi — 1. inside 2. inner 3. internal 4. within 5. interior (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
畫像: huà xiàng — 1. portrait 2. to do a portrait of sb
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
書籍: shū jí — 1. books 2. works (HSK 7-9)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
曰: yuē — 1. to speak 2. to say (HSK 7-9)
玉: yù — jade (HSK 4)
曆: lì — calendar
鈔: chāo — 1. money 2. paper money 3. variant of 抄 (chāo)
傳: chuán — 1. to pass on 2. to spread 3. to transmit 4. to infect 5. to transfer 6. to circulate 7. to conduct (electricity) (HSK 3)
警: jǐng — 1. to alert 2. to warn 3. police
世: Shì — surname Shi
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
無: mó — used in 南無 (nā mó) (HSK 4)
下: xià — 1. down 2. downwards 3. below 4. lower 5. later 6. next (week etc) 7. second (of two parts) 8. to decline 9. to go down 10. to arrive at (a decision, conclusion etc) 11. measure word to show the frequency of an action (HSK 1)
二: èr — 1. two 2. 2 3. (Beijing dialect) stupid (HSK 1)
字: zì — 1. letter 2. symbol 3. character 4. word 5. classifier: 個 (gè) 6. courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
曰: yuē — 1. to speak 2. to say (HSK 7-9)
玉: yù — jade (HSK 4)
曆: lì — calendar
至寶: zhì bǎo — 1. most valuable treasure 2. most precious asset
鈔: chāo — 1. money 2. paper money 3. variant of 抄 (chāo)
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
作: zuō — 1. (bound form) worker 2. (bound form) workshop 3. (slang) troublesome; high-maintenance (person) (HSK 6)
編: biān — 1. to weave 2. to plait 3. to organize 4. to group 5. to arrange 6. to edit 7. to compile 8. to write 9. to compose 10. to fabricate 11. to make up (HSK 4)
其實: qí shí — actually; in fact; really (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
兩: liǎng — 1. two 2. both 3. some 4. a few 5. tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤 (jīn) (old) (HSK 1)
種: zhǒng — 1. seed 2. species 3. kind 4. type 5. classifier for types, kinds, sorts (HSK 3)
都: Dū — surname Du (HSK 1)
差不多的: chà bu duō de — the great majority
關: Guān — surname Guan (HSK 1)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
蒐集: sōu jí — to gather; to collect (HSK 7-9)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
事: shì — 1. matter 2. thing 3. item 4. work 5. affair 6. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng), 回 (huí) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
首先: shǒu xiān — first of all; in the first place (HSK 3)
仍: réng — 1. still; yet 2. to remain 3. (literary) frequently; often (HSK 3)
要: yāo — (bound form) to demand; to coerce (HSK 1)
感謝: gǎn xiè — to thank; to be grateful (HSK 2)
常: Cháng — surname Chang (HSK 1)
維: Wéi — 1. abbr. for Uighur 維吾爾 (Wéi wú ěr) 2. surname Wei
鈞: jūn — 1. 30 catties 2. great 3. your (honorific)
兄: xiōng — elder brother
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
寄: jì — 1. to entrust; to place in sb's care 2. (bound form) to depend on; to attach oneself to; to reside temporarily 3. (bound form) foster (as in 寄女[ji4 nu : 3] foster daughter) 4. to send by post; to mail (HSK 4)
給: gěi — 1. to 2. for 3. for the benefit of 4. to give 5. to allow 6. to do sth (for sb) 7. (grammatical equivalent of 被) 8. (grammatical equivalent of 把) 9. (sentence intensifier) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
北京: Běi jīng — Beijing municipality, capital of the People's Republic of China (short name 京 (Jīng)) (HSK 1)
龍: Lóng — surname Long (HSK 3)
光: guāng — 1. light; ray (classifier: 道 (dào)) 2. bright; shiny 3. only; merely 4. used up; finished 5. to leave (a part of the body) uncovered (HSK 3)
齋: zhāi — 1. to fast or abstain from meat, wine etc 2. vegetarian diet 3. study room 4. building 5. to give alms (to a monk)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
鑑: jiàn — 1. bronze mirror (used in ancient times) 2. to reflect 3. to mirror 4. sth that serves as a warning or a lesson 5. to examine 6. to scrutinize
光: guāng — 1. light; ray (classifier: 道 (dào)) 2. bright; shiny 3. only; merely 4. used up; finished 5. to leave (a part of the body) uncovered (HSK 3)
齋: zhāi — 1. to fast or abstain from meat, wine etc 2. vegetarian diet 3. study room 4. building 5. to give alms (to a monk)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
天津: Tiān jīn — Tianjin municipality (short name 津 (Jīn))
思過: sī guò — to reflect on one's past errors
齋: zhāi — 1. to fast or abstain from meat, wine etc 2. vegetarian diet 3. study room 4. building 5. to give alms (to a monk)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
石印: shí yìn — 1. lithography 2. lithographic printing
局: jú — 1. office 2. situation 3. classifier for games: match, set, round etc (HSK 4)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
南京: Nán jīng — 1. see 南京市 (Nán jīng Shì) 2. Nanjing, capital of the Ming dynasty (1368–1421) and of the Republic of China (1927–1937 and 1946–1949)
李: Lǐ — surname Li
光明: guāng míng — 1. light 2. radiance 3. (fig.) bright (prospects etc) 4. openhearted (HSK 3)
莊: Zhuāng — surname Zhuang
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
其次: qí cì — 1. next 2. secondly (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
章: Zhāng — surname Zhang (HSK 6)
矛: máo — 1. spear; lance; pike 2. classifier: 支 (zhī)
塵: chén — 1. dust 2. dirt 3. earth
兄: xiōng — elder brother
給: gěi — 1. to 2. for 3. for the benefit of 4. to give 5. to allow 6. to do sth (for sb) 7. (grammatical equivalent of 被) 8. (grammatical equivalent of 把) 9. (sentence intensifier) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
杭州: Háng zhōu — see 杭州市 (Háng zhōu Shì)
瑪瑙: mǎ nǎo — 1. cornelian (mineral) 2. agate
經: Jīng — surname Jing (HSK 7-9)
房: Fáng — surname Fang
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
紹興: Shào xīng — see 紹興市 (Shào xīng Shì)
許: Xǔ — surname Xu (HSK 7-9)
廣: Guǎng — surname Guang (HSK 5)
記: jì — 1. to record 2. to note 3. to memorize 4. to remember 5. mark 6. sign 7. classifier for blows, kicks, shots (HSK 1)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
最近: zuì jìn — 1. recently 2. soon 3. nearest (HSK 2)
石印: shí yìn — 1. lithography 2. lithographic printing
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
其次: qí cì — 1. next 2. secondly (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
自己: zì jǐ — oneself; (attributive) one's own (HSK 2)
得到: dé dào — to get; to obtain; to receive (HSK 1)
廣州: Guǎng zhōu — see 廣州市 (Guǎng zhōu Shì)
寶: bǎo — 1. jewel 2. gem 3. treasure 4. precious (HSK 4)
經: Jīng — surname Jing (HSK 7-9)
閣: gé — 1. pavilion (usu. two-storied) 2. cabinet (politics) 3. boudoir 4. woman's chamber 5. rack 6. shelf
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
翰: Hàn — surname Han
元: Yuán — 1. surname Yuan 2. Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) (HSK 1)
樓: Lóu — surname Lou (HSK 1)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)

《》，，。These various Yuli editions come in both elaborate and simplified versions, which agrees with what I said earlier.，。But after examining all the pictures of Wuchang, I found myself thrown into a panic.「」，，；For in these books, the "Living Wuchang" wears a flowered robe and gauze cap, with a knife stuck in at his back;，「」！while the one holding an abacus and wearing a tall hat turns out to be "Death-Has-His-Due"!，（？），，，，：「」。Although the faces differ, some fierce and some kindly, and the footwear differs, some in straw sandals and some in cloth (?) shoes — these are merely incidental variations on the part of the artisans — the caption, which matters most of all, is uniform throughout: "Death-Has-His-Due."，。Alas, this is plainly and deliberately giving me trouble.

這些: zhè xiē — these (HSK 1)
玉: yù — jade (HSK 4)
曆: lì — calendar
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
繁簡: fán jiǎn — 1. complicated and simple 2. traditional and simplified form of Chinese characters
兩: liǎng — 1. two 2. both 3. some 4. a few 5. tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤 (jīn) (old) (HSK 1)
種: zhǒng — 1. seed 2. species 3. kind 4. type 5. classifier for types, kinds, sorts (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
前言: qián yán — 1. preface; foreword; introduction; preamble 2. earlier remarks; earlier words 3. (literary) words of the ancient thinkers
相符: xiāng fú — 1. to match 2. to tally
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
調查: diào chá — 1. investigation 2. inquiry 3. to investigate 4. to survey 5. survey 6. (opinion) poll 7. classifier: 項 (xiàng), 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
一切: yī qiè — 1. everything 2. every 3. all (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
畫像: huà xiàng — 1. portrait 2. to do a portrait of sb
之後: zhī hòu — 1. after; behind 2. (at the beginning of a sentence) afterwards; since then (HSK 4)
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
恐慌: kǒng huāng — 1. panic 2. panicky 3. panic-stricken (HSK 7-9)
起來: qǐ lai — 1. to stand up; to get up 2. also pr. (qǐ lái) (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
書: Shū — abbr. for 書經 (Shū jīng) (HSK 1)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
花: Huā — surname Hua (HSK 1)
袍: páo — gown (lined)
紗帽: shā mào — 1. gauze hat 2. (fig.) job as an official
背後: bèi hòu — 1. behind 2. at the back 3. in the rear 4. behind sb's back (HSK 3)
插: chā — 1. to insert 2. stick in 3. pierce 4. to take part in 5. to interfere 6. to interpose (HSK 5)
刀: Dāo — surname Dao (HSK 3)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
拿: ná — 1. to hold 2. to seize 3. to catch 4. to apprehend 5. to take 6. (used in the same way as 把 (bǎ): to mark the following noun as a direct object) (HSK 1)
算盤: suàn pán — 1. abacus 2. classifier: 把 (bǎ) 3. plan 4. scheme (HSK 7-9)
戴高帽子: dài gāo mào zi — 1. (coll.) to be the object of flattery 2. to be placed on a pedestal
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
却是: què shì — 1. nevertheless 2. actually 3. the fact is ... (HSK 6)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
雖然: suī rán — although; even though (often used correlatively with 可是 (kě shì) or 但是 (dàn shì) etc) (HSK 2)
面貌: miàn mào — 1. face; features 2. appearance; look (HSK 5)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
凶惡: xiōng è — 1. variant of 兇惡, fierce 2. ferocious 3. fiendish 4. frightening (HSK 7-9)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
和善: hé shàn — good-natured
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
別: Bié — surname Bie (HSK 1)
脚下: jiǎo xià — under the foot
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
草鞋: cǎo xié — straw sandals
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
布: bù — 1. cloth 2. to declare 3. to announce 4. to spread 5. to make known (HSK 3)
鞋: xié — 1. shoe 2. classifier: 雙 (shuāng), 隻 (zhī) (HSK 2)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
殊: shū — 1. (literary) to kill; to behead; to sever; to separate; to surpass 2. (bound form) different 3. (bound form) special; remarkable 4. (literary) very; extremely
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
不過: bù guò — 1. only 2. merely 3. no more than 4. but 5. however 6. anyway (to get back to a previous topic) 7. cannot be more (after adjectival) (HSK 2)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
工: gōng — 1. work 2. worker 3. skill 4. profession 5. trade 6. craft 7. labor
偶然: ǒu rán — 1. incidentally 2. occasional 3. occasionally 4. by chance 5. randomly (HSK 5)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
隨便: suí biàn — 1. as one wishes 2. as one pleases 3. at random 4. negligent 5. casual 6. wanton (HSK 2)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
最: zuì — 1. (before an adjective or verb) to the highest degree; (the) most ...; -est 2. (after 之 (zhī)) best or most extreme example (e.g. 世界之最 (shì jiè zhī zuì) "the greatest in the world") (HSK 1)
關緊: guān jǐn — 1. to close firmly 2. to fasten securely 3. to make fast 4. to lock
要: yāo — (bound form) to demand; to coerce (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
題字: tí zì — 1. to write an inscription (poem, remark, autograph etc) 2. an inscription
則: zé — 1. (literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then 2. (bound form) standard; norm 3. (bound form) principle 4. (literary) to imitate; to follow 5. classifier for written items (HSK 7-9)
全體: quán tǐ — 1. all 2. entire (HSK 2)
一致: yī zhì — 1. consistent; unanimous; in agreement 2. together; in unison (HSK 4)
曰: yuē — 1. to speak 2. to say (HSK 7-9)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
嗚呼: wū hū — 1. alas 2. alack 3. welladay 4. wellaway 5. to die
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
明明: míng míng — 1. obviously 2. plainly 3. undoubtedly 4. definitely (HSK 5)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
專: zhuān — 1. for a particular person, occasion, purpose 2. focused on one thing 3. special 4. expert 5. particular (to sth) 6. concentrated 7. specialized
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
難: nán — 1. difficult (to...) 2. problem 3. difficulty 4. difficult 5. not good (HSK 1)

。And yet I still cannot accept it wholeheartedly.，。First, because none of these books is the very one I saw in my childhood; second, because I am still convinced my memory is not mistaken.，。Still, my plan of tearing out a leaf to use as an illustration was silently and utterly shattered.————，，「」，。I had no choice but to select one specimen each — the Death-Has-His-Due from the Nanjing edition and the Living Wuchang from the Guangzhou edition — and beyond that, to take up the brush myself and add a picture of the "Living Wuchang" as I remembered him from the Mulian opera or the temple processions, just to make do, as shown at the top of Figure 3.，，。Fortunately I am no painter, so although it is far from accomplished, readers will perhaps not go so far as to blame me for it.，，，，。Not having foreseen the consequences earlier, I once made a few rather sharp remarks about the likes of Mr. Wu Youru; who would have expected that, before long, I myself would have to make a fool of myself in the same way — so I will offer a few words of defense here in advance, for the record.，，（）：。But if this proves ineffective, then I shall simply have to copy outright the philosophy of President Xu (given name Shichang): let things take their natural course.

然而: rán ér — however; but; yet (HSK 4)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
還: Huán — surname Huan (HSK 1)
不能: bù néng — 1. cannot 2. must not 3. should not
心服: xīn fú — 1. to accept wholeheartedly 2. to embrace 3. to be won over
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
者: zhě — 1. (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ... 2. (after a noun) person involved in ... 3. -er 4. -ist 5. (used after a number or 後 (hòu) or 前 (qián) to refer to sth mentioned previously) 6. (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term) 7. (old) (used at the end of a command) 8. (old) this
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
這些: zhè xiē — these (HSK 1)
書: Shū — abbr. for 書經 (Shū jīng) (HSK 1)
都: Dū — surname Du (HSK 1)
不是: bù shì — 1. no 2. is not 3. not
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
幼小: yòu xiǎo — 1. young 2. immature
時候: shí hou — 1. time 2. length of time 3. moment 4. period (HSK 1)
所見: suǒ jiàn — 1. (literary) what one sees 2. (literary) opinion; view
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
部: bù — 1. ministry 2. department 3. section 4. part 5. division 6. troops 7. board 8. classifier for works of literature, films, machines etc (HSK 3)
二者: èr zhě — 1. both 2. both of them 3. neither
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
還: Huán — surname Huan (HSK 1)
確信: què xìn — 1. to be convinced 2. to be sure 3. to firmly believe 4. to be positive that 5. definite news (HSK 7-9)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
記憶: jì yì — 1. to remember; to recall 2. memory (HSK 5)
並: bìng — 1. and 2. furthermore 3. also 4. together with 5. (not) at all 6. simultaneously 7. to combine 8. to join 9. to merge (HSK 3)
沒有: méi yǒu — 1. haven't 2. hasn't 3. doesn't exist 4. to not have 5. to not be (HSK 1)
錯: Cuò — surname Cuo (HSK 1)
不過: bù guò — 1. only 2. merely 3. no more than 4. but 5. however 6. anyway (to get back to a previous topic) 7. cannot be more (after adjectival) (HSK 2)
撕: sī — to tear (HSK 7-9)
下: xià — 1. down 2. downwards 3. below 4. lower 5. later 6. next (week etc) 7. second (of two parts) 8. to decline 9. to go down 10. to arrive at (a decision, conclusion etc) 11. measure word to show the frequency of an action (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
葉: Yè — surname Ye
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
做: zuò — 1. to make; to produce 2. to write; to compose 3. to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc) 4. (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, friends etc) 5. (of a thing) to serve as; to be used for 6. to assume (an air or manner) (HSK 1)
插畫: chā huà — illustration
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
企圖: qǐ tú — 1. to attempt 2. to try 3. attempt 4. classifier: 種 (zhǒng) (HSK 6)
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
被: bèi — 1. quilt 2. to cover (with) 3. (literary) to suffer (a misfortune) 4. used to indicate passive voice (placed before the doer of the action like "by" in English passive-voice sentences, or, if the doer is not mentioned, before the verb) 5. (since c. 2009) (sarcastic or jocular) used to indicate that the following word should be regarded as being in air quotes (as in 被旅遊[bei4 lu : 3 you2] to "go on a trip") (HSK 3)
無聲: wú shēng — soundless; silent
無: mó — used in 南無 (nā mó) (HSK 4)
臭: chòu — 1. stench 2. smelly 3. to smell (bad) 4. repulsive 5. loathsome 6. terrible 7. bad 8. severely 9. ruthlessly 10. dud (ammunition) (HSK 5)
地: de — 1. -ly 2. structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct (HSK 1)
打: dá — 1. (loanword) dozen 2. Taiwan pr. (dǎ) (HSK 1)
得: dé — 1. to obtain 2. to get 3. to gain 4. to catch (a disease) 5. proper 6. suitable 7. proud 8. contented 9. to allow 10. to permit 11. ready 12. finished (HSK 2)
粉碎: fěn suì — to crush; to smash; to shatter (HSK 7-9)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
只得: zhǐ dé — to have no alternative but to; to be obliged to (HSK 6)
選取: xuǎn qǔ — to choose
標本: biāo běn — 1. specimen; sample 2. the root cause and symptoms of a disease (HSK 7-9)
各: gè — 1. each 2. every (HSK 3)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
南京: Nán jīng — 1. see 南京市 (Nán jīng Shì) 2. Nanjing, capital of the Ming dynasty (1368–1421) and of the Republic of China (1927–1937 and 1946–1949)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
廣州: Guǎng zhōu — see 廣州市 (Guǎng zhōu Shì)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
之外: zhī wài — 1. outside 2. excluding (HSK 5)
還: Huán — surname Huan (HSK 1)
自己動手: zì jǐ dòng shǒu — 1. to do (sth) oneself 2. to help oneself to
添: tiān — to add; to increase; to replenish (HSK 6)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
記得: jì de — to remember (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
目: mù — 1. eye 2. (literary) to look; to regard 3. eye (of a net); mesh 4. mesh size; grit size (abbr. for 目數 (mù shù)) 5. item; section 6. list; catalogue 7. (taxonomy) order 8. name; title
連: Lián — surname Lian (HSK 3)
戲: xì — 1. trick 2. drama 3. play 4. show 5. classifier: 齣 (chū), 場 (chǎng), 臺 (tái) (HSK 5)
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
迎神賽會: yíng shén sài huì — folk festival, esp. involving shrine or image of God
中的: zhòng dì — 1. to hit the target 2. (fig.) to hit the nail on the head
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
塞責: sè zé — to carry out one's duties perfunctorily; to fulfill one's responsibility
如: rú — 1. as 2. as if 3. such as (HSK 6)
第: dì — 1. (prefix indicating ordinal number, as in 第六 (dì liù) "sixth") 2. (literary) grades in which successful candidates in the imperial examinations were placed 3. (old) residence of a high official 4. (literary) but; however 5. (literary) only; just
三: Sān — surname San (HSK 1)
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
上方: shàng fāng — 1. place above (it) 2. upper part (of it) (HSK 7-9)
好在: hǎo zài — 1. luckily 2. fortunately (HSK 7-9)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
並非: bìng fēi — really isn't (HSK 7-9)
畫家: huà jiā — 1. painter 2. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 2)
雖然: suī rán — although; even though (often used correlatively with 可是 (kě shì) or 但是 (dàn shì) etc) (HSK 2)
太: tài — 1. highest 2. greatest 3. too (much) 4. very 5. extremely (HSK 1)
不: bù — 1. no; not so 2. (bound form) not; un- (HSK 1)
高明: Gāo míng — see 高明區 (Gāo míng Qū) (HSK 7-9)
讀者: dú zhě — reader (HSK 3)
也許: yě xǔ — perhaps; maybe (HSK 2)
不至于: bù zhì yú — unlikely to go so far as to; not as bad as (HSK 6)
嗔: chēn — 1. to be angry at 2. to be displeased and annoyed
責: zé — 1. duty 2. responsibility 3. to reproach 4. to blame
罷: bà — 1. to stop 2. to cease 3. to dismiss 4. to suspend 5. to quit 6. to finish
先前: xiān qián — before; previously (HSK 5)
想不到: xiǎng bu dào — 1. unexpected 2. hard to imagine 3. it had not occurred to me 4. who could have thought that (HSK 6)
後來: hòu lái — 1. afterwards; later 2. newly arrived (HSK 2)
曾經: céng jīng — 1. once 2. already 3. former 4. previously 5. ever 6. (past tense marker used before verb or clause) (HSK 3)
對: duì — 1. right; correct 2. towards; at; for 3. concerning; regarding 4. to treat (sb a certain way) 5. to face 6. (bound form) opposite; facing; matching 7. to match together; to adjust 8. to fit; to suit 9. to answer; to reply 10. to add; to pour in (a fluid) 11. to check; to compare 12. classifier: couple; pair (HSK 1)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
吳: Wú — 1. surname Wu 2. area comprising southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and Shanghai 3. name of states in southern China at different historical periods
友: yǒu — friend
如: rú — 1. as 2. as if 3. such as (HSK 6)
先生: xiān sheng — 1. teacher 2. gentleman; sir; mister (Mr.) 3. husband 4. (dialect) doctor 5. classifier: 位 (wèi) (HSK 1)
輩: bèi — 1. lifetime 2. generation 3. group of people 4. class 5. classifier for generations 6. (literary) classifier for people (HSK 5)
頗: Pō — 1. surname Po 2. Taiwan pr. (Pǒ) (HSK 7-9)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
過: Guō — surname Guo (HSK 1)
幾: jī — (literary) almost (HSK 1)
句: gōu — variant of 勾 (gōu) (HSK 2)
蹊蹺: qī qiāo — odd; queer; strange; fishy
話: huà — 1. dialect 2. language 3. spoken words 4. speech 5. talk 6. words 7. conversation 8. what sb said 9. classifier: 種 (zhǒng), 席 (xí), 句 (jù), 口 (kǒu), 番 (fān) (HSK 1)
不料: bù liào — 1. unexpectedly 2. to one's surprise (HSK 6)
曾幾何時: céng jǐ hé shí — 1. just a while before 2. not so long ago 3. everyone can remember when..
即: jí — 1. namely 2. that is 3. i.e. 4. prompt 5. at once 6. at present 7. even if 8. prompted (by the occasion) 9. to approach 10. to come into contact 11. to assume (office) 12. to draw near (HSK 7-9)
須: xū — 1. must 2. to have to 3. to wait (HSK 7-9)
自己: zì jǐ — oneself; (attributive) one's own (HSK 2)
出醜: chū chǒu — to make a fool of oneself (HSK 7-9)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
現在: xiàn zài — now; at present; currently (HSK 1)
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
預先: yù xiān — beforehand; in advance (HSK 7-9)
辯解: biàn jiě — 1. to explain 2. to justify 3. to defend (a point of view etc) 4. to provide an explanation 5. to try to defend oneself (HSK 7-9)
幾: jī — (literary) almost (HSK 1)
句: gōu — variant of 勾 (gōu) (HSK 2)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
里: Lǐ — surname Li (HSK 1)
存: cún — 1. to exist 2. to deposit 3. to store 4. to keep 5. to survive (HSK 3)
案: àn — 1. (legal) case 2. incident 3. record 4. file 5. table
但是: dàn shì — but; however (HSK 2)
如果: rú guǒ — if; in case; in the event that (HSK 2)
無效: wú xiào — 1. not valid 2. ineffective 3. in vain (HSK 6)
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
只好: zhǐ hǎo — to have no other option but to ...; to have to; to be forced to (HSK 3)
直: Zhí — 1. surname Zhi 2. Zhi (c. 2000 BC), fifth of the legendary Flame Emperors 炎帝 (Yán dì) descended from Shennong 神農 (Shén nóng) Farmer God (HSK 3)
抄: chāo — 1. to make a copy 2. to plagiarize 3. to search and seize 4. to raid 5. to grab 6. to go off with 7. to take a shortcut 8. to make a turning move 9. to fold one's arms (HSK 4)
徐: Xú — surname Xu
印: Yìn — 1. surname Yin 2. abbr. for 印度 (Yìn dù), India (HSK 6)
世: Shì — surname Shi
昌: Chāng — surname Chang
大總統: dà zǒng tǒng — president (primarily used during the early years of the Republic of China, 1912–1928)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
哲學: zhé xué — philosophy (HSK 6)
聽其自然: tīng qí zì rán — 1. to let things take their course 2. to take things as they come

，《》，。There is another matter I cannot accept wholeheartedly: I feel that even the gentlemen who promoted the Yuli were themselves not actually very clear about the affairs of the underworld.，。For example, as to the situation when a person has just died, the pictures fall into two schools.，「」，；One school has only a single ghost-soldier come, holding a steel fork, called the "Soul-Summoning Envoy," and nothing else besides;，————。the other school has a Horse-Face and two Wuchang — Yang Wuchang and Yin Wuchang — rather than the Living Wuchang and Death-Has-His-Due.，，。If one were to say that those two are actually the Living Wuchang and Death-Has-His-Due, then that would not agree with the individual portraits.A，？Take A on Plate 4, for instance — since when does Yang Wuchang wear a flowered robe and gauze cap?，。Only Yin Wuchang bears a fair resemblance to the individually painted Death-Has-His-Due, except that he too has set down the abacus and taken up a fan instead.，？This might perhaps be explained by its being summertime, but then how is it that he has grown such a long, full beard?，？Could it be that, with so many epidemics in summer, he has been so busy that he hasn't even had time to shave?，；The source of this picture is the Siguozhai edition of Tianjin — let me note this here, all together;，。there are also versions in the Beijing and Guangzhou editions, which differ very little from it.

還有: hái yǒu — 1. there still remain(s); there is (or are) still 2. in addition (HSK 1)
不能: bù néng — 1. cannot 2. must not 3. should not
心服: xīn fú — 1. to accept wholeheartedly 2. to embrace 3. to be won over
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
事: shì — 1. matter 2. thing 3. item 4. work 5. affair 6. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng), 回 (huí) (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
覺得: jué de — 1. to think that ...; to feel that ... 2. to feel (uncomfortable etc) (HSK 1)
雖是: suī shì — 1. although 2. even though 3. even if
宣傳: xuān chuán — 1. to disseminate 2. to give publicity to 3. propaganda 4. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
玉: yù — jade (HSK 4)
曆: lì — calendar
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
諸公: zhū gōng — gentlemen (form of address)
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
陰間: yīn jiān — 1. the nether world 2. Hades 3. (neologism) (slang) disturbing 4. unsettling 5. awful 6. detestable
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
事情: shì qing — 1. affair; matter; thing; business 2. classifier: 件 (jiàn), 樁 (zhuāng) (HSK 2)
其實: qí shí — actually; in fact; really (HSK 3)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
不大: bù dà — 1. not very (clear, far away etc); not too 2. not often; infrequently (HSK 1)
了然: liǎo rán — to understand clearly; evident
例如: lì rú — for example; for instance; such as (HSK 2)
一個人: yī gè rén — 1. by oneself (without assistance) 2. alone (without company)
初: chū — 1. (bound form) at first; initially 2. (bound form) first; early 3. (bound form) (in lunar calendar dates, before numerals 1–10) days 1 to 10 of a month, as in 初三 (chū sān) "the third" (HSK 3)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
時: Shí — surname Shi (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
情狀: qíng zhuàng — 1. situation 2. circumstances
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
圖像: tú xiàng — image; picture; graphic (HSK 7-9)
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
分成: fēn chéng — 1. to divide (into) 2. to split a bonus 3. to break into 4. tenths 5. percentage allotment (HSK 5)
兩: liǎng — 1. two 2. both 3. some 4. a few 5. tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤 (jīn) (old) (HSK 1)
派: pā — used in 派司 (pā si) (HSK 3)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
派: pā — used in 派司 (pā si) (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
只: zhī — variant of 隻 (zhī) (HSK 2)
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
位: wèi — 1. position 2. location 3. place 4. seat 5. classifier for people (honorific) 6. classifier for binary bits (e.g. 十六位 16-bit or 2 bytes) 7. (physics) potential (HSK 2)
手: shǒu — 1. hand 2. (formal) to hold 3. person engaged in certain types of work 4. person skilled in certain types of work 5. personal(ly) 6. convenient 7. classifier for skill 8. classifier: 雙 (shuāng), 隻 (zhī) (HSK 1)
執: zhí — 1. to execute (a plan) 2. to grasp
鋼叉: gāng chā — 1. pitchfork 2. garden fork 3. restraining pole (used by police) 4. military fork (of ancient times)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
鬼: guǐ — 1. disembodied spirit; ghost; devil 2. (suffix) person with a certain vice or addiction etc 3. sly; crafty; resourceful (variant of 詭 (guǐ)) 4. one of the 28 constellations of ancient Chinese astronomy (HSK 5)
卒: cù — variant of 猝 (cù)
叫作: jiào zuò — 1. to call 2. to be called (HSK 2)
勾魂: gōu hún — 1. to take away sb's soul 2. (fig.) to captivate; to enchant
使者: shǐ zhě — 1. emissary 2. envoy (HSK 7-9)
此外: cǐ wài — besides; in addition; moreover; furthermore (HSK 4)
什: shén — what
麽: me — variant of 麼 (me)
都: Dū — surname Du (HSK 1)
沒有: méi yǒu — 1. haven't 2. hasn't 3. doesn't exist 4. to not have 5. to not be (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
派: pā — used in 派司 (pā si) (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
馬面: Mǎ Miàn — Horse-Face, one of the two guardians of the underworld in Chinese mythology
兩: liǎng — 1. two 2. both 3. some 4. a few 5. tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤 (jīn) (old) (HSK 1)
個: gě — used in 自個兒 (zì gě r) (HSK 1)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
陽: yáng — 1. positive (electric.) 2. sun 3. male principle (Taoism) 4. Yang, opposite: 陰 (yīn)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
陰: Yīn — surname Yin (HSK 2)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
並非: bìng fēi — really isn't (HSK 7-9)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
倘: cháng — used in 倘佯 (cháng yáng)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
兩: liǎng — 1. two 2. both 3. some 4. a few 5. tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤 (jīn) (old) (HSK 1)
個: gě — used in 自個兒 (zì gě r) (HSK 1)
就是: jiù shì — 1. exactly; precisely 2. only; simply; just 3. (used correlatively with 也 (yě)) even; even if (HSK 3)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
罷: bà — 1. to stop 2. to cease 3. to dismiss 4. to suspend 5. to quit 6. to finish
則: zé — 1. (literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then 2. (bound form) standard; norm 3. (bound form) principle 4. (literary) to imitate; to follow 5. classifier for written items (HSK 7-9)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
單個: dān ge — 1. single 2. alone 3. individually 4. an odd one
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
畫像: huà xiàng — 1. portrait 2. to do a portrait of sb
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
不一: bù yī — 1. to vary 2. to differ
致: zhì — 1. (literary) to send; to transmit; to convey 2. (bound form) to cause; to lead to; consequently (HSK 7-9)
如: rú — 1. as 2. as if 3. such as (HSK 6)
第: dì — 1. (prefix indicating ordinal number, as in 第六 (dì liù) "sixth") 2. (literary) grades in which successful candidates in the imperial examinations were placed 3. (old) residence of a high official 4. (literary) but; however 5. (literary) only; just
四: sì — 1. four 2. 4 (HSK 1)
圖版: tú bǎn — 1. printing plate bearing an image (illustration, photo etc) 2. print made with such a plate
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
陽: yáng — 1. positive (electric.) 2. sun 3. male principle (Taoism) 4. Yang, opposite: 陰 (yīn)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
何嘗: hé cháng — 1. (rhetorical question) when? 2. how? 3. it's not that...
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
花: Huā — surname Hua (HSK 1)
袍: páo — gown (lined)
紗帽: shā mào — 1. gauze hat 2. (fig.) job as an official
只有: zhǐ yǒu — 1. only have ...; there is only ... 2. (used in combination with 才 (cái)) it is only if ... (that one can ...) (as in 只有通過治療才能痊愈 (zhǐ yǒu tōng guò zhì liáo cái néng quán yù) "the only way to cure it is with therapy") 3. it is only (someone) who ... (as in 只有男性才有此需要 (zhǐ yǒu nán xìng cái yǒu cǐ xū yào) "only men would have such a requirement") 4. (used to express lack of alternatives) can only; have no choice but to (as in 只有屈服 (zhǐ yǒu qū fú) "the only thing you can do is give in") (HSK 3)
陰: Yīn — surname Yin (HSK 2)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
單: Shàn — surname Shan (HSK 4)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
頗: Pō — 1. surname Po 2. Taiwan pr. (Pǒ) (HSK 7-9)
相像: xiāng xiàng — 1. to resemble one another 2. to be alike 3. similar
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
放下: fàng xià — 1. to lay down; to put down 2. to let go of; to relinquish; to set aside 3. to lower (the blinds etc) (HSK 2)
算盤: suàn pán — 1. abacus 2. classifier: 把 (bǎ) 3. plan 4. scheme (HSK 7-9)
拿: ná — 1. to hold 2. to seize 3. to catch 4. to apprehend 5. to take 6. (used in the same way as 把 (bǎ): to mark the following noun as a direct object) (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
扇: shān — 1. to fan 2. to slap sb on the face (HSK 5)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
還: Huán — surname Huan (HSK 1)
可以: kě yǐ — 1. can 2. may 3. possible 4. able to 5. not bad 6. pretty good (HSK 2)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
大約: dà yuē — 1. approximately 2. probably (HSK 3)
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
其: qí — 1. his 2. her 3. its 4. their 5. that 6. such 7. it (refers to sth preceding it) (HSK 5)
時: Shí — surname Shi (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
夏天: xià tiān — 1. summer 2. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 2)
然而: rán ér — however; but; yet (HSK 4)
怎麼: zěn me — 1. how? 2. what? 3. why? (HSK 1)
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
長: cháng — 1. long 2. (bound form) length 3. (bound form) strong point; forte 4. (bound form) to be good at 5. (literary) surplus; spare (Taiwan pr. (zhàng)) (HSK 2)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
那麼: nà me — 1. like that; in that way; to that extent 2. (before a number) ... or so; about ... 3. then; in that case (HSK 2)
長: cháng — 1. long 2. (bound form) length 3. (bound form) strong point; forte 4. (bound form) to be good at 5. (literary) surplus; spare (Taiwan pr. (zhàng)) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
絡腮鬍子: luò sāi hú zi — full beard
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
呢: ne — 1. (sentence-final particle) used in questions to link back to prior discourse or context ("what about...?", "and...?") 2. (sentence-final particle) indicating that a state or situation still holds 3. (discourse particle) used to mark a slight pause or emphasis in speech (HSK 1)
難道: nán dào — 1. don't tell me ... 2. could it be that...? (HSK 3)
夏天: xià tiān — 1. summer 2. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 2)
時: Shí — surname Shi (HSK 3)
疫: yì — (bound form) epidemic; plague
多: duō — 1. many; much; more; a lot of 2. too many; in excess 3. (after a numeral) ... odd 4. how (to what extent) (Taiwan pr. (duó)) 5. (bound form) multi-; poly- (HSK 1)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
竟: jìng — 1. unexpectedly 2. actually 3. to go so far as to 4. indeed (HSK 7-9)
忙: máng — 1. busy 2. hurriedly 3. to hurry 4. to rush (HSK 1)
得: dé — 1. to obtain 2. to get 3. to gain 4. to catch (a disease) 5. proper 6. suitable 7. proud 8. contented 9. to allow 10. to permit 11. ready 12. finished (HSK 2)
連: Lián — surname Lian (HSK 3)
修: Xiū — surname Xiu (HSK 3)
刮: guā — 1. to scrape 2. to blow 3. to shave 4. to plunder 5. to extort (HSK 6)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
工夫: gōng fū — (old) laborer (HSK 3)
都: Dū — surname Du (HSK 1)
沒有: méi yǒu — 1. haven't 2. hasn't 3. doesn't exist 4. to not have 5. to not be (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
麽: me — variant of 麼 (me)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
來源: lái yuán — 1. source (of information etc) 2. origin (HSK 4)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
天津: Tiān jīn — Tianjin municipality (short name 津 (Jīn))
思過: sī guò — to reflect on one's past errors
齋: zhāi — 1. to fast or abstain from meat, wine etc 2. vegetarian diet 3. study room 4. building 5. to give alms (to a monk)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
本子: běn zi — 1. book 2. notebook 3. Japanese-style self-published comic (esp. an erotic one), aka "dōjinshi" 4. classifier: 本 (běn) 5. edition (HSK 1)
合併: hé bìng — 1. to merge 2. to annex (HSK 5)
聲明: shēng míng — 1. to state 2. to declare 3. statement 4. declaration 5. classifier: 項 (xiàng), 份 (fèn) (HSK 3)
還有: hái yǒu — 1. there still remain(s); there is (or are) still 2. in addition (HSK 1)
北京: Běi jīng — Beijing municipality, capital of the People's Republic of China (short name 京 (Jīng)) (HSK 1)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
廣州: Guǎng zhōu — see 廣州市 (Guǎng zhōu Shì)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
相差: xiāng chà — to differ (HSK 7-9)
無幾: wú jǐ — 1. very little 2. hardly any

B，A，：，。Plate B is taken from the block-print edition of Li Guangming Zhuang in Nanjing; the picture is the same as A, but the caption is exactly the opposite: what the Tianjin edition labels as Yin Wuchang, this one calls Yang Wuchang.。But it agrees with my own view.，，，，，，，。「，」，。Well then, if there is a figure in a plain robe and tall hat, whether bearded or not, the people of Beijing, Tianjin, and Guangzhou may go right ahead and call him Yin Wuchang or Si Youfen, while the people of Nanjing and I call him Huo Wuchang — each according to his own convenience. "A name is but the guest of reality"; it hardly matters.

是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
從: Cóng — surname Cong (HSK 1)
南京: Nán jīng — 1. see 南京市 (Nán jīng Shì) 2. Nanjing, capital of the Ming dynasty (1368–1421) and of the Republic of China (1927–1937 and 1946–1949)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
李: Lǐ — surname Li
光明: guāng míng — 1. light 2. radiance 3. (fig.) bright (prospects etc) 4. openhearted (HSK 3)
莊: Zhuāng — surname Zhuang
刻本: kè běn — block printed edition
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
取: qǔ — 1. to take 2. to get 3. to choose 4. to fetch (HSK 2)
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
圖畫: tú huà — 1. drawing 2. picture (HSK 3)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
相同: xiāng tóng — identical; same (HSK 2)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
題字: tí zì — 1. to write an inscription (poem, remark, autograph etc) 2. an inscription
則: zé — 1. (literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then 2. (bound form) standard; norm 3. (bound form) principle 4. (literary) to imitate; to follow 5. classifier for written items (HSK 7-9)
正: zhēng — first month of the lunar year (HSK 1)
相反: xiāng fǎn — 1. opposite 2. contrary (HSK 4)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
天津: Tiān jīn — Tianjin municipality (short name 津 (Jīn))
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
指: zhǐ — 1. finger 2. to point at or to 3. to indicate or refer to 4. to depend on 5. to count on 6. (of hair) to stand on end (HSK 3)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
陰: Yīn — surname Yin (HSK 2)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
者: zhě — 1. (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ... 2. (after a noun) person involved in ... 3. -er 4. -ist 5. (used after a number or 後 (hòu) or 前 (qián) to refer to sth mentioned previously) 6. (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term) 7. (old) (used at the end of a command) 8. (old) this
牠: tā — it (pronoun for an animal) (HSK 2)
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
道: dào — 1. road; path (classifier: 條 (tiáo), 股 (gǔ)) 2. (bound form) way; reason; principle 3. (bound form) a skill; an art; a specialization 4. (Daoism) the Way; the Dao 5. to say (introducing a direct quotation, as in a novel) 6. (bound form) to express; to extend (polite words) 7. classifier for long thin things (rivers, cracks, shadows etc), barriers (walls, doors etc), questions (in an exam etc), commands, courses in a meal, steps in a process 8. (old) circuit (administrative division) (HSK 2)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
陽: yáng — 1. positive (electric.) 2. sun 3. male principle (Taoism) 4. Yang, opposite: 陰 (yīn)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
主張: zhǔ zhāng — 1. to advocate 2. to stand for 3. view 4. position 5. stand 6. proposition 7. viewpoint 8. assertion 9. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
一致: yī zhì — 1. consistent; unanimous; in agreement 2. together; in unison (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
那麼: nà me — 1. like that; in that way; to that extent 2. (before a number) ... or so; about ... 3. then; in that case (HSK 2)
倘: cháng — used in 倘佯 (cháng yáng)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
素: sù — 1. raw silk 2. white 3. plain, unadorned 4. vegetarian (food) 5. essence 6. nature 7. element 8. constituent 9. usually 10. always 11. ever (HSK 7-9)
衣: yī — 1. clothes 2. classifier: 件 (jiàn) 3. Kangxi radical 145
高: Gāo — surname Gao (HSK 1)
帽: mào — 1. hat 2. cap
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
東西: dōng xī — east and west (HSK 1)
不問: bù wèn — 1. to pay no attention to 2. to disregard 3. to ignore 4. to let go unpunished 5. to let off
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
鬍子: hú zi — 1. beard 2. mustache or whiskers 3. facial hair 4. classifier: 撮 (zuǒ), 根 (gēn) 5. (coll.) bandit (HSK 5)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
有無: yǒu wú — 1. to have or have not 2. surplus and shortfall 3. tangible and intangible 4. corporeal and incorporeal
北京人: Běi jīng rén — 1. Beijing resident 2. Peking ape-man, Homo erectus pekinensis (c. 600,000 BC), discovered in 1921 at Zhoukoudian 周口店 (Zhōu kǒu diàn), Beijing
天津: Tiān jīn — Tianjin municipality (short name 津 (Jīn))
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
廣州: Guǎng zhōu — see 廣州市 (Guǎng zhōu Shì)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
只管: zhǐ guǎn — 1. solely engrossed in one thing 2. just (one thing, no need to worry about the rest) 3. simply 4. by all means 5. please feel free 6. do not hesitate (to ask for sth) (HSK 6)
去: qù — 1. to go 2. to go to (a place) 3. (of a time etc) last 4. just passed 5. to send 6. to remove 7. to get rid of 8. to reduce 9. to be apart from in space or time 10. to die (euphemism) 11. to play (a part) 12. (when used either before or after a verb) to go in order to do sth 13. (after a verb of motion indicates movement away from the speaker) 14. (used after certain verbs to indicate detachment or separation) (HSK 1)
稱: chèn — 1. to fit; to match; to suit 2. (coll.) to have; to possess 3. Taiwan pr. (chèng)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
陰: Yīn — surname Yin (HSK 2)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
南京: Nán jīng — 1. see 南京市 (Nán jīng Shì) 2. Nanjing, capital of the Ming dynasty (1368–1421) and of the Republic of China (1927–1937 and 1946–1949)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
則: zé — 1. (literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then 2. (bound form) standard; norm 3. (bound form) principle 4. (literary) to imitate; to follow 5. classifier for written items (HSK 7-9)
叫: jiào — 1. to shout 2. to call 3. to order 4. to ask 5. to be called 6. by (indicates agent in the passive mood) (HSK 1)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
各: gè — 1. each 2. every (HSK 3)
隨: Suí — surname Sui (HSK 3)
自己: zì jǐ — oneself; (attributive) one's own (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
便: biàn — 1. plain 2. informal 3. suitable 4. convenient 5. opportune 6. to urinate or defecate 7. equivalent to 就 (jiù): then 8. in that case 9. even if 10. soon afterwards (HSK 6)
罷: bà — 1. to stop 2. to cease 3. to dismiss 4. to suspend 5. to quit 6. to finish
名: míng — 1. name 2. noun (part of speech) 3. place (e.g. among winners) 4. famous 5. classifier for people (HSK 2)
者: zhě — 1. (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ... 2. (after a noun) person involved in ... 3. -er 4. -ist 5. (used after a number or 後 (hòu) or 前 (qián) to refer to sth mentioned previously) 6. (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term) 7. (old) (used at the end of a command) 8. (old) this
實: shí — 1. real 2. true 3. honest 4. really 5. solid 6. fruit 7. seed 8. definitely
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
賓: bīn — 1. visitor 2. guest 3. object (in grammar)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
不: bù — 1. no; not so 2. (bound form) not; un- (HSK 1)
關: Guān — surname Guan (HSK 1)
什: shén — what
麽: me — variant of 麼 (me)
緊要: jǐn yào — 1. critical 2. crucial 3. vital
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)

C，，，。However, I must add one more thing, plate C, which is part of a block-print edition from Xuguangji in Shaoxing; it bears no caption at all, and I do not know what the publisher had in mind.，，，，，。When I was a small child I often passed by the front of Xuguangji, and would idly watch them carving their pictures; they were especially fond of using arcs and straight lines, and were rarely willing to draw curves, so here too Mr. Wuchang's true likeness is hard to make out clearly.，，。Only, beside him there is another small tall hat, which can still be clearly seen, and which is absent from the other editions.。This is the Ah Ling I mentioned earlier, who appears at the temple fairs.（？），，，，「」。He even brings his son (?) along while on duty; I imagine he is having the boy tag along to learn, so that when grown he may "make no change from his father's ways."

不過: bù guò — 1. only 2. merely 3. no more than 4. but 5. however 6. anyway (to get back to a previous topic) 7. cannot be more (after adjectival) (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
還: Huán — surname Huan (HSK 1)
要: yāo — (bound form) to demand; to coerce (HSK 1)
添: tiān — to add; to increase; to replenish (HSK 6)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
一點: yī diǎn — 1. a bit; a little bit 2. (used in negative expressions) (not) the least bit 3. (after an adjective, used to form the comparative) a bit more, -er 4. a point (in a discussion etc) 5. (calligraphy) dot stroke (、) 6. one o'clock (abbr. for 一點鍾 (yī diǎn zhōng))
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
紹興: Shào xīng — see 紹興市 (Shào xīng Shì)
許: Xǔ — surname Xu (HSK 7-9)
廣: Guǎng — surname Guang (HSK 5)
記: jì — 1. to record 2. to note 3. to memorize 4. to remember 5. mark 6. sign 7. classifier for blows, kicks, shots (HSK 1)
刻本: kè běn — block printed edition
中的: zhòng dì — 1. to hit the target 2. (fig.) to hit the nail on the head
一部分: yī bù fen — 1. portion 2. part of 3. subset (HSK 2)
上面: shàng miàn — 1. on top of 2. above-mentioned 3. also pr. (shàng mian) (HSK 3)
並: bìng — 1. and 2. furthermore 3. also 4. together with 5. (not) at all 6. simultaneously 7. to combine 8. to join 9. to merge (HSK 3)
無題: wú tí — untitled
字: zì — 1. letter 2. symbol 3. character 4. word 5. classifier: 個 (gè) 6. courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China (HSK 1)
不知: bù zhī — 1. not to know 2. unaware 3. unknowingly 4. fig. not to admit (defeat, hardships, tiredness etc) (HSK 7-9)
宣傳: xuān chuán — 1. to disseminate 2. to give publicity to 3. propaganda 4. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
者: zhě — 1. (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ... 2. (after a noun) person involved in ... 3. -er 4. -ist 5. (used after a number or 後 (hòu) or 前 (qián) to refer to sth mentioned previously) 6. (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term) 7. (old) (used at the end of a command) 8. (old) this
于: Yú — surname Yu (HSK 6)
意: yì — 1. (bound form) idea; thought; meaning; sense 2. (bound form) intention; feeling; inclination; state of mind 3. (bound form) Italy (abbr. for 意大利 (Yì dà lì))
何: Hé — surname He
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
幼小: yòu xiǎo — 1. young 2. immature
時常: shí cháng — often; frequently (HSK 5)
常: Cháng — surname Chang (HSK 1)
走過: zǒu guò — 1. to walk past 2. to pass by (HSK 2)
許: Xǔ — surname Xu (HSK 7-9)
廣: Guǎng — surname Guang (HSK 5)
記: jì — 1. to record 2. to note 3. to memorize 4. to remember 5. mark 6. sign 7. classifier for blows, kicks, shots (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
門前: mén qián — in front of the door
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
閒: jiān — variant of 間 (jiān) (HSK 5)
看: kān — 1. to look after 2. to take care of 3. to watch 4. to guard (HSK 1)
他們: tā men — they; them (HSK 1)
刻: kè — 1. quarter (hour) 2. moment 3. to carve 4. to engrave 5. to cut 6. oppressive 7. classifier for short time intervals (HSK 2)
圖畫: tú huà — 1. drawing 2. picture (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
專: zhuān — 1. for a particular person, occasion, purpose 2. focused on one thing 3. special 4. expert 5. particular (to sth) 6. concentrated 7. specialized
愛: ài — 1. to love; to be fond of; to like 2. affection 3. to be inclined (to do sth); to tend to (happen) (HSK 1)
用: yòng — 1. to use; to make use of; to employ 2. (coverb) with; using 3. to need; to have to (usu. used in the negative or in questions) 4. usefulness; utility 5. (bound form) expense; outlay 6. (courteous) to eat; to drink 7. (literary) hence; therefore (HSK 1)
弧線: hú xiàn — arc
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
直線: zhí xiàn — 1. straight line 2. sharply (rise or fall) (HSK 5)
不大: bù dà — 1. not very (clear, far away etc); not too 2. not often; infrequently (HSK 1)
肯: kěn — 1. to agree; to consent 2. to be willing to (HSK 6)
作曲: zuò qǔ — to compose (music)
線: xiàn — 1. thread 2. string 3. wire 4. line 5. classifier: 條 (tiáo), 股 (gǔ), 根 (gēn) 6. (after a number) tier (unofficial ranking of a Chinese city) (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
所以: suǒ yǐ — 1. therefore 2. as a result 3. so 4. the reason why (HSK 2)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
先生: xiān sheng — 1. teacher 2. gentleman; sir; mister (Mr.) 3. husband 4. (dialect) doctor 5. classifier: 位 (wèi) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
真相: zhēn xiàng — the truth about sth; the actual facts (HSK 5)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
里: Lǐ — surname Li (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
難以: nán yǐ — hard to (predict, imagine etc) (HSK 5)
判然: pàn rán — 1. markedly 2. clearly
只是: zhǐ shì — 1. merely; only; just; nothing but 2. simply 3. but; however (HSK 3)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
身邊: shēn biān — 1. at one's side 2. on hand (HSK 2)
另有: lìng yǒu — to have some other (reason etc)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
小: xiǎo — 1. small 2. tiny 3. few 4. young (HSK 1)
高: Gāo — surname Gao (HSK 1)
帽: mào — 1. hat 2. cap
却: què — old variant of 卻 (què) (HSK 4)
還: Huán — surname Huan (HSK 1)
能: Néng — surname Neng (HSK 1)
分明: fēn míng — 1. clear 2. distinct 3. evidently 4. clearly (HSK 7-9)
看出: kàn chū — 1. to make out 2. to see (HSK 5)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
別的: bié de — 1. else 2. other (HSK 1)
本子: běn zi — 1. book 2. notebook 3. Japanese-style self-published comic (esp. an erotic one), aka "dōjinshi" 4. classifier: 本 (běn) 5. edition (HSK 1)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
無: mó — used in 南無 (nā mó) (HSK 4)
這就: zhè jiù — 1. immediately 2. at once
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
所: suǒ — 1. actually 2. place 3. classifier for houses, small buildings, institutions etc 4. that which 5. particle introducing a relative clause or passive 6. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
說: shuì — to persuade (HSK 1)
過: Guō — surname Guo (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
賽會: sài huì — 1. religious procession 2. exposition
時候: shí hou — 1. time 2. length of time 3. moment 4. period (HSK 1)
出現: chū xiàn — 1. to appear 2. to arise 3. to emerge 4. to show up (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
阿: ā — 1. prefix used before monosyllabic names, kinship terms etc to indicate familiarity 2. used in transliteration 3. (bound form) Afghanistan (abbr. for 阿富汗 (Ā fù hàn)) 4. (bound form) Albania (abbr. for 阿爾巴尼亞 (Ā ěr bā ní yà)) 5. (bound form) Algeria (abbr. for 阿爾及利亞 (Ā ěr jí lì yà)) 6. (bound form) Argentina (abbr. for 阿根廷 (Ā gēn tíng)) 7. also pr. (à)
領: lǐng — 1. neck 2. collar 3. to lead 4. to receive 5. classifier for clothes, mats, screens etc (HSK 3)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
連: Lián — surname Lian (HSK 3)
辦公時間: bàn gōng shí jiān — office hours
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
帶: dài — 1. band 2. belt 3. girdle 4. ribbon 5. tire 6. area 7. zone 8. region 9. classifier: 條 (tiáo) 10. to wear 11. to carry 12. to take along 13. to bear (i.e. to have) 14. to lead 15. to bring 16. to look after 17. to raise (HSK 2)
着: zhāo — variant of 著 (zhāo) (HSK 1)
兒子: ér zi — son (HSK 1)
走: zǒu — 1. to walk 2. to go 3. to run 4. to move (of vehicle) 5. to visit 6. to leave 7. to go away 8. to die (euph.) 9. from 10. through 11. away (in compound verbs, such as 撤走 (chè zǒu)) 12. to change (shape, form, meaning) (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
想: xiǎng — 1. to think (about) 2. to think of; to devise 3. to think (that); to believe (that) 4. to desire; to want (to) 5. to miss (feel wistful about the absence of) (HSK 1)
大概: dà gài — 1. roughly 2. probably 3. rough 4. approximate 5. about 6. general idea (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
叫: jiào — 1. to shout 2. to call 3. to order 4. to ask 5. to be called 6. by (indicates agent in the passive mood) (HSK 1)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
跟隨: gēn suí — to follow (HSK 5)
學習: xué xí — to learn; to study (HSK 1)
預備: yù bèi — 1. to prepare 2. to make ready 3. preparation 4. preparatory (HSK 5)
長大: zhǎng dà — to grow up (HSK 2)
之後: zhī hòu — 1. after; behind 2. (at the beginning of a sentence) afterwards; since then (HSK 4)
可以: kě yǐ — 1. can 2. may 3. possible 4. able to 5. not bad 6. pretty good (HSK 2)
無: mó — used in 南無 (nā mó) (HSK 4)
改: gǎi — 1. to change 2. to alter 3. to transform 4. to correct (HSK 2)
於: yú — 1. (of time or place) in; at; on 2. (indicating any indirect relation) to; toward; vis-à-vis; with regard to; for 3. (indicating a source) from; out of 4. (used in comparison) than 5. (used in the passive voice) by (HSK 6)
父: fù — 1. (bound form) father 2. (bound form) male relative of father's generation (as in 伯父 (bó fù)) 3. (computing) (bound form) parent-
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
道: dào — 1. road; path (classifier: 條 (tiáo), 股 (gǔ)) 2. (bound form) way; reason; principle 3. (bound form) a skill; an art; a specialization 4. (Daoism) the Way; the Dao 5. to say (introducing a direct quotation, as in a novel) 6. (bound form) to express; to extend (polite words) 7. classifier for long thin things (rivers, cracks, shadows etc), barriers (walls, doors etc), questions (in an exam etc), commands, courses in a meal, steps in a process 8. (old) circuit (administrative division) (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)

，，。Besides summoning the souls of the dead, beside the bench of King Wuguan of the Fourth Court among the Ten Yama Kings, there also stands, nine times out of ten, a figure in a tall hat.D，1，；2，，；3，；4，，，；5，，：。Take plate D: No. 1 is taken from the Siguozhai edition of Tianjin, and looks quite handsome; No. 2 is from the Nanjing edition, with the tongue lolling out, for no clear reason; No. 3 is from the Baojingge edition of Guangzhou, with a broken fan; No. 4 is from the Longguangzhai edition of Beijing, with no fan, and a black mark beneath the chin that I cannot tell is a beard or a tongue; No. 5 is from the Shiyinju edition of Tianjin, also quite handsome, but here he has moved to stand beside the bench of King Taishan of the Seventh Court — which is very peculiar.

除: chú — 1. to get rid of 2. to remove 3. to exclude 4. to eliminate 5. to wipe out 6. to divide 7. except 8. not including (HSK 6)
勾: Gōu — surname Gou (HSK 7-9)
攝: shè — 1. (bound form) to take in; to absorb; to assimilate 2. to capture (video or still images) 3. (literary) to conserve (one's health) 4. (literary) to act for
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
魂: hún — soul; spirit; immortal soul (that can be detached from the body) (HSK 7-9)
外: wài — 1. outside 2. in addition 3. foreign 4. external (HSK 1)
十: shí — 1. ten 2. 10 (HSK 1)
殿: diàn — palace hall
閻羅王: Yán luó wáng — (Buddhism) Yama, the King of Hell
中: Zhōng — 1. (bound form) China; Chinese 2. surname Zhong (HSK 1)
第: dì — 1. (prefix indicating ordinal number, as in 第六 (dì liù) "sixth") 2. (literary) grades in which successful candidates in the imperial examinations were placed 3. (old) residence of a high official 4. (literary) but; however 5. (literary) only; just
四: sì — 1. four 2. 4 (HSK 1)
殿: diàn — palace hall
五官: wǔ guān — 1. five sense organs of TCM (nose, eyes, lips, tongue, ears 鼻目口舌耳) 2. facial features
王: Wáng — surname Wang (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
案: àn — 1. (legal) case 2. incident 3. record 4. file 5. table
桌: zhuō — 1. table 2. desk 3. classifier for tables of guests at a banquet etc
旁邊: páng biān — side; adjacent place (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
什: shén — what
九: jiǔ — 1. nine 2. 9 (HSK 1)
站: zhàn — 1. station 2. to stand 3. to halt 4. to stop 5. branch of a company or organization 6. website (HSK 1)
着: zhāo — variant of 著 (zhāo) (HSK 1)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
高: Gāo — surname Gao (HSK 1)
帽: mào — 1. hat 2. cap
脚色: jué sè — variant of 角色 (jué sè)
如: rú — 1. as 2. as if 3. such as (HSK 6)
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
取: qǔ — 1. to take 2. to get 3. to choose 4. to fetch (HSK 2)
自: zì — 1. (bound form) self; oneself 2. from; since 3. naturally; as a matter of course (HSK 4)
天津: Tiān jīn — Tianjin municipality (short name 津 (Jīn))
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
思過: sī guò — to reflect on one's past errors
齋: zhāi — 1. to fast or abstain from meat, wine etc 2. vegetarian diet 3. study room 4. building 5. to give alms (to a monk)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
模樣: mú yàng — 1. look 2. style 3. appearance 4. approximation 5. about 6. classifier: 個 (gè) 7. also pr. (mó yàng) (HSK 5)
頗: Pō — 1. surname Po 2. Taiwan pr. (Pǒ) (HSK 7-9)
漂亮: piào liang — pretty; beautiful (HSK 2)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
南京: Nán jīng — 1. see 南京市 (Nán jīng Shì) 2. Nanjing, capital of the Ming dynasty (1368–1421) and of the Republic of China (1927–1937 and 1946–1949)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
舌頭: shé tou — 1. tongue 2. classifier: 個 (gè) 3. enemy soldier captured for the purpose of extracting information (HSK 6)
拖: tuō — 1. to drag 2. to tow 3. to trail 4. to hang down 5. to mop (the floor) 6. to delay 7. to drag on (HSK 6)
出來: chū lái — 1. to come out 2. to appear 3. to arise (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
不知何故: bù zhī hé gù — somehow
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
廣州: Guǎng zhōu — see 廣州市 (Guǎng zhōu Shì)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
寶: bǎo — 1. jewel 2. gem 3. treasure 4. precious (HSK 4)
經: Jīng — surname Jing (HSK 7-9)
閣: gé — 1. pavilion (usu. two-storied) 2. cabinet (politics) 3. boudoir 4. woman's chamber 5. rack 6. shelf
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
扇子: shàn zi — 1. fan 2. classifier: 把 (bǎ) (HSK 5)
破: pò — 1. broken 2. damaged 3. worn out 4. lousy 5. rotten 6. to break, split or cleave 7. to get rid of 8. to destroy 9. to break with 10. to defeat 11. to capture (a city etc) 12. to expose the truth of (HSK 3)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
北京: Běi jīng — Beijing municipality, capital of the People's Republic of China (short name 京 (Jīng)) (HSK 1)
龍: Lóng — surname Long (HSK 3)
光: guāng — 1. light; ray (classifier: 道 (dào)) 2. bright; shiny 3. only; merely 4. used up; finished 5. to leave (a part of the body) uncovered (HSK 3)
齋: zhāi — 1. to fast or abstain from meat, wine etc 2. vegetarian diet 3. study room 4. building 5. to give alms (to a monk)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
無: mó — used in 南無 (nā mó) (HSK 4)
扇: shān — 1. to fan 2. to slap sb on the face (HSK 5)
下巴: xià ba — chin
之下: zhī xià — 1. under 2. beneath 3. less than (HSK 5)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
條: tiáo — 1. strip 2. item 3. article 4. clause (of law or treaty) 5. classifier for long thin things (ribbon, river, road, trousers etc) (HSK 2)
黑: Hēi — short name for Heilongjiang 黑龍江 (Hēi lóng jiāng) (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
看: kān — 1. to look after 2. to take care of 3. to watch 4. to guard (HSK 1)
不: bù — 1. no; not so 2. (bound form) not; un- (HSK 1)
透: tòu — 1. (bound form) to penetrate; to seep through 2. to tell secretly; to leak 3. thoroughly; through and through 4. to appear; to show (HSK 4)
牠: tā — it (pronoun for an animal) (HSK 2)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
鬍子: hú zi — 1. beard 2. mustache or whiskers 3. facial hair 4. classifier: 撮 (zuǒ), 根 (gēn) 5. (coll.) bandit (HSK 5)
還是: hái shi — 1. still (as before) 2. had better 3. unexpectedly 4. or (HSK 1)
舌頭: shé tou — 1. tongue 2. classifier: 個 (gè) 3. enemy soldier captured for the purpose of extracting information (HSK 6)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
天津: Tiān jīn — Tianjin municipality (short name 津 (Jīn))
石印: shí yìn — 1. lithography 2. lithographic printing
局: jú — 1. office 2. situation 3. classifier for games: match, set, round etc (HSK 4)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
頗: Pō — 1. surname Po 2. Taiwan pr. (Pǒ) (HSK 7-9)
漂亮: piào liang — pretty; beautiful (HSK 2)
然而: rán ér — however; but; yet (HSK 4)
站: zhàn — 1. station 2. to stand 3. to halt 4. to stop 5. branch of a company or organization 6. website (HSK 1)
到: dào — 1. to reach; to arrive 2. to leave for; to go to 3. to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point) 4. (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point) 5. considerate; thoughtful; thorough (HSK 1)
第: dì — 1. (prefix indicating ordinal number, as in 第六 (dì liù) "sixth") 2. (literary) grades in which successful candidates in the imperial examinations were placed 3. (old) residence of a high official 4. (literary) but; however 5. (literary) only; just
七: qī — 1. seven 2. 7 (HSK 1)
殿: diàn — palace hall
泰山: Tài Shān — Mt Tai in Shandong, eastern mountain of the Five Sacred Mountains 五嶽 (Wǔ yuè)
王: Wáng — surname Wang (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
公案: gōng àn — 1. judge's desk 2. complex legal case 3. contentious issue 4. koan (Zen Buddhism)
桌: zhuō — 1. table 2. desk 3. classifier for tables of guests at a banquet etc
邊: biān — 1. side 2. edge 3. margin 4. border 5. boundary 6. classifier: 個 (gè) 7. simultaneously (HSK 2)
去: qù — 1. to go 2. to go to (a place) 3. (of a time etc) last 4. just passed 5. to send 6. to remove 7. to get rid of 8. to reduce 9. to be apart from in space or time 10. to die (euphemism) 11. to play (a part) 12. (when used either before or after a verb) to go in order to do sth 13. (after a verb of motion indicates movement away from the speaker) 14. (used after certain verbs to indicate detachment or separation) (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
很: hěn — 1. very; quite 2. (also, often used before an adjective without intensifying its meaning, i.e. as a meaningless syntactic element) (HSK 1)
特別: tè bié — 1. unusual; special 2. very; especially; particularly 3. expressly; for a specific purpose 4. (often followed by 是 (shì)) in particular (HSK 2)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)

，，，。Also, in pictures of a tiger devouring a man, there is invariably a figure in a tall hat drawn in, holding a paper fan and secretly directing the affair.，「」？I do not know whether this too is Wuchang, or the so-called "chang-ghost."。But the chang-ghosts in the operas of my hometown never wear tall hats.

又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
老虎: lǎo hǔ — 1. tiger 2. classifier: 隻 (zhī)
噬: shì — 1. to devour 2. to bite
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
圖: tú — 1. diagram 2. picture 3. drawing 4. chart 5. map 6. classifier: 張 (zhāng) 7. to plan 8. to scheme 9. to attempt 10. to pursue 11. to seek (HSK 3)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
一定: yī dìng — 1. surely; certainly; definitely 2. fixed; settled 3. a certain ...; a given ... (HSK 2)
畫: huà — 1. to draw; to paint 2. picture; painting (classifier: 幅 (fú), 張 (zhāng)) 3. to draw (a line) (variant of 劃 (huà)) 4. stroke of a Chinese character (variant of 劃 (huà)) 5. (calligraphy) horizontal stroke (variant of 劃 (huà)) (HSK 2)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
高: Gāo — surname Gao (HSK 1)
帽: mào — 1. hat 2. cap
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
脚色: jué sè — variant of 角色 (jué sè)
拿: ná — 1. to hold 2. to seize 3. to catch 4. to apprehend 5. to take 6. (used in the same way as 把 (bǎ): to mark the following noun as a direct object) (HSK 1)
着: zhāo — variant of 著 (zhāo) (HSK 1)
紙: zhǐ — 1. paper (classifier: 張 (zhāng), 沓 (dá)) 2. classifier for documents, letters etc (HSK 2)
扇子: shàn zi — 1. fan 2. classifier: 把 (bǎ) (HSK 5)
暗地: àn dì — secretly; inwardly; on the sly
裏: lǐ — variant of 裡 (lǐ) (HSK 1)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
指揮: zhǐ huī — 1. to conduct 2. to command 3. to direct 4. conductor (of an orchestra) 5. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 4)
不知: bù zhī — 1. not to know 2. unaware 3. unknowingly 4. fig. not to admit (defeat, hardships, tiredness etc) (HSK 7-9)
道: dào — 1. road; path (classifier: 條 (tiáo), 股 (gǔ)) 2. (bound form) way; reason; principle 3. (bound form) a skill; an art; a specialization 4. (Daoism) the Way; the Dao 5. to say (introducing a direct quotation, as in a novel) 6. (bound form) to express; to extend (polite words) 7. classifier for long thin things (rivers, cracks, shadows etc), barriers (walls, doors etc), questions (in an exam etc), commands, courses in a meal, steps in a process 8. (old) circuit (administrative division) (HSK 2)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
也就是: yě jiù shì — in other words; i.e.
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
呢: ne — 1. (sentence-final particle) used in questions to link back to prior discourse or context ("what about...?", "and...?") 2. (sentence-final particle) indicating that a state or situation still holds 3. (discourse particle) used to mark a slight pause or emphasis in speech (HSK 1)
還是: hái shi — 1. still (as before) 2. had better 3. unexpectedly 4. or (HSK 1)
所謂: suǒ wèi — 1. what is meant by the expression ...; what is referred to as ... 2. (derog.) so-called (HSK 7-9)
倀鬼: chāng guǐ — ghost of sb devoured by a tiger who helps the tiger devour others
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
鄉: xiāng — 1. country or countryside 2. native place 3. home village or town 4. township (PRC administrative unit) (HSK 5)
戲: xì — 1. trick 2. drama 3. play 4. show 5. classifier: 齣 (chū), 場 (chǎng), 臺 (tái) (HSK 5)
文: Wén — surname Wen (HSK 7-9)
上: shǎng — used in 上聲 (shǎng shēng) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
倀鬼: chāng guǐ — ghost of sb devoured by a tiger who helps the tiger devour others
都: Dū — surname Du (HSK 1)
不: bù — 1. no; not so 2. (bound form) not; un- (HSK 1)
戴高帽子: dài gāo mào zi — 1. (coll.) to be the object of flattery 2. to be placed on a pedestal

，，「」，，。To study this sort of learning — where the three hun-souls are dim and distant, the seven po-souls vague and obscure, and "the dead can bear no witness" — is a very novel pursuit, and an extremely advantageous one too.，，，，「」。If one were to gather material, open up a debate, and compile and print all the correspondence exchanged on the subject, one could probably produce three or four rather thick volumes, and thereby rise to the rank of "scholar."，「」，，，：But the title "scholar of Huo Wuchang" is not a very dignified one, so I do not wish to pursue it further, and will only set down here an arbitrary judgment:

研究: yán jiū — 1. research 2. a study 3. classifier: 項 (xiàng) 4. to research 5. to look into (HSK 4)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
一類: yī lèi — 1. same type 2. category 1 (i.e. class A)
三魂: sān hún — three immortal souls in Daoism, representing spirit and intellect
渺: miǎo — 1. (of an expanse of water) vast 2. distant and indistinct 3. tiny or insignificant
渺: miǎo — 1. (of an expanse of water) vast 2. distant and indistinct 3. tiny or insignificant
七魄: qī pò — 1. seven mortal forms in Daoism, representing carnal life and desires 2. contrasted with 三魂 three immortal souls
茫茫: máng máng — 1. boundless 2. vast and obscure
死無對證: sǐ wú duì zhèng — the dead cannot testify (idiom); dead men tell no tales
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
學問: xué wèn — 1. learning; knowledge; scholarship 2. a body of specialized knowledge (classifier: 門 (mén)); (fig.) any activity that demands expertise, skill or experience (e.g. gathering forensic evidence, selecting clothing, managing relationships) (HSK 4)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
很: hěn — 1. very; quite 2. (also, often used before an adjective without intensifying its meaning, i.e. as a meaningless syntactic element) (HSK 1)
新穎: xīn yǐng — 1. lit. new bud 2. fig. new and original (HSK 7-9)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
極: jí — 1. extremely 2. pole (geography, physics) 3. utmost 4. top (HSK 4)
佔便宜: zhàn pián yi — 1. advantageous 2. favorable 3. to benefit at others' expense 4. to take unfair advantage
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
假使: jiǎ shǐ — 1. if 2. in case 3. suppose 4. given ... (HSK 7-9)
徵集: zhēng jí — 1. to collect 2. to recruit (HSK 7-9)
材料: cái liào — 1. (raw) material 2. data 3. (fig.) person who has the potential to do the job (HSK 4)
開始: kāi shǐ — 1. to begin 2. beginning 3. to start 4. initial 5. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
討論: tǎo lùn — to discuss; to talk over (HSK 2)
將: jiāng — 1. will 2. shall 3. to use 4. to take 5. to checkmate 6. just a short while ago 7. (introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把 (bǎ)) (HSK 5)
各種: gè zhǒng — every kind of; all kinds of; various (HSK 3)
往來: wǎng lái — 1. dealings 2. contacts 3. to go back and forth (HSK 6)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
信件: xìn jiàn — letter (sent by mail) (HSK 7-9)
都: Dū — surname Du (HSK 1)
編印: biān yìn — 1. to compile and print 2. to publish
起來: qǐ lai — 1. to stand up; to get up 2. also pr. (qǐ lái) (HSK 1)
恐怕: kǒng pà — 1. fear 2. to dread 3. I'm afraid that... 4. perhaps 5. maybe (HSK 3)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
可以: kě yǐ — 1. can 2. may 3. possible 4. able to 5. not bad 6. pretty good (HSK 2)
出: chū — 1. to go out; to come out 2. to arise; to occur 3. to produce; to yield 4. to go beyond; to exceed 5. (used after a verb to indicate an outward direction or a positive result) 6. classifier for dramas, plays, operas etc (HSK 1)
三: Sān — surname San (HSK 1)
四: sì — 1. four 2. 4 (HSK 1)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
頗: Pō — 1. surname Po 2. Taiwan pr. (Pǒ) (HSK 7-9)
厚: hòu — 1. thick 2. deep or profound 3. kind 4. generous 5. rich or strong in flavor 6. to favor 7. to stress (HSK 4)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
書: Shū — abbr. for 書經 (Shū jīng) (HSK 1)
並且: bìng qiě — and; besides; moreover; furthermore; in addition (HSK 3)
因此: yīn cǐ — thus; consequently; as a result (HSK 3)
陞: shēng — 1. to ascend; to rise (variant of 升 (shēng)) 2. to promote; to elevate (variant of 升 (shēng)) (HSK 3)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
學者: xué zhě — scholar (HSK 5)
但是: dàn shì — but; however (HSK 2)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
學者: xué zhě — scholar (HSK 5)
名稱: míng chēng — 1. name (of a thing) 2. name (of an organization) (HSK 2)
不大: bù dà — 1. not very (clear, far away etc); not too 2. not often; infrequently (HSK 1)
冠冕: guān miǎn — 1. royal crown 2. official hat 3. official 4. leader 5. chief 6. elegant and stately
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
不想: bù xiǎng — unexpectedly; to one's surprise
幹: gàn — 1. tree trunk 2. main part of sth 3. to manage 4. to work 5. to do 6. capable 7. cadre 8. to kill (slang) 9. to fuck (vulgar) 10. (coll.) pissed off 11. annoyed (HSK 1)
下去: xià qù — 1. to go down 2. to descend 3. to go on 4. to continue 5. (of a servant) to withdraw (HSK 3)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
只: zhī — variant of 隻 (zhī) (HSK 2)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
里: Lǐ — surname Li (HSK 1)
下一個: xià yī ge — the next one
武斷: wǔ duàn — 1. arbitrary 2. subjective 3. dogmatic

《》：「」「」，。The thinking of the Yuli type is very crude: "Huo Wuchang" and "Si Youfen" together form a symbol of human life.，。When a person is about to die, in principle it should only require Si Youfen to come.，，「」。For the moment he arrives, at that very time, one may also see "Huo Wuchang."

玉: yù — jade (HSK 4)
曆: lì — calendar
式: shì — 1. type 2. form 3. pattern 4. style (HSK 5)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
思想: sī xiǎng — 1. thought 2. thinking 3. idea 4. ideology 5. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 3)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
很: hěn — 1. very; quite 2. (also, often used before an adjective without intensifying its meaning, i.e. as a meaningless syntactic element) (HSK 1)
粗淺: cū qiǎn — 1. shallow 2. superficial
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
合: gě — 1. 100 ml 2. one-tenth of a peck 3. measure for dry grain equal to one-tenth of sheng 升 or liter, or one-hundredth dou 斗 (HSK 3)
起來: qǐ lai — 1. to stand up; to get up 2. also pr. (qǐ lái) (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
人生: rén shēng — life (one's time on earth) (HSK 3)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
象徵: xiàng zhēng — 1. symbol; emblem 2. to symbolize; to signify; to represent (HSK 5)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
將死: jiāng sǐ — 1. to checkmate (in chess) 2. to be about to die
時: Shí — surname Shi (HSK 3)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
只: zhī — variant of 隻 (zhī) (HSK 2)
須: xū — 1. must 2. to have to 3. to wait (HSK 7-9)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
來到: lái dào — to arrive; to come (HSK 1)
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
到: dào — 1. to reach; to arrive 2. to leave for; to go to 3. to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point) 4. (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point) 5. considerate; thoughtful; thorough (HSK 1)
這時: zhè shí — 1. at this time 2. at this moment (HSK 2)
候: hòu — 1. to wait 2. to inquire after 3. to watch 4. season 5. climate 6. (old) period of five days
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
可見: kě jiàn — 1. it can clearly be seen (that this is the case) 2. it is (thus) clear 3. clear 4. visible (HSK 4)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die

「」「」，，。But among the common people there is also a kind of person who styles himself a "walker in the shades" or "yin runner" — a living person who temporarily enters the underworld to assist with official business.，「」；Because he helps in summoning souls, people also call him "Wuchang";，「」，「」。and since he is originally a living soul, they distinguish him with the word "Yang" — but from this point he became subtly confused with "Huo Wuchang."A，「」，，，，。Take plate A of the fourth illustration, labeled "Yang Wuchang": he wears the ordinary dress of an ordinary man, which shows plainly that he is a yin runner, whose duty is merely to lead the ghost-attendants in through the gate, and so he stands below the steps.

但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
民間: mín jiān — 1. among the people 2. popular 3. folk 4. non-governmental 5. involving people rather than governments (HSK 3)
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
一種: yī zhǒng — one kind of; one type of
自稱: zì chēng — 1. to call oneself 2. to claim to be 3. to profess 4. to claim a title (HSK 7-9)
走: zǒu — 1. to walk 2. to go 3. to run 4. to move (of vehicle) 5. to visit 6. to leave 7. to go away 8. to die (euph.) 9. from 10. through 11. away (in compound verbs, such as 撤走 (chè zǒu)) 12. to change (shape, form, meaning) (HSK 1)
陰: Yīn — surname Yin (HSK 2)
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
陰: Yīn — surname Yin (HSK 2)
差: chā — 1. difference; discrepancy 2. (math.) difference (amount remaining after a subtraction) 3. (literary) a little; somewhat; slightly (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
生人: shēng rén — 1. stranger 2. living person 3. to give birth 4. to be born (in a certain time or place)
暫時: zàn shí — temporary; provisional; for the time being (HSK 5)
入: rù — 1. to enter; to go into 2. to join; to become a member of 3. (bound form) to conform to (as in 入時 (rù shí)) 4. abbr. for 入聲 (rù shēng) 5. (on product packaging, after {number n} + {classifier}) containing (n pieces) (from Japanese 入 "iri") (HSK 6)
冥: míng — 1. dark 2. deep 3. stupid 4. the underworld
幫辦: bāng bàn — 1. assist in managing 2. deputy
公事: gōng shì — 1. work-related matters 2. documents (HSK 7-9)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
脚色: jué sè — variant of 角色 (jué sè)
因: yīn — 1. cause 2. reason 3. because (HSK 6)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
幫同: bāng tóng — 1. to help (sb do sth) 2. to assist (sb in doing sth)
勾魂: gōu hún — 1. to take away sb's soul 2. (fig.) to captivate; to enchant
攝: shè — 1. (bound form) to take in; to absorb; to assimilate 2. to capture (video or still images) 3. (literary) to conserve (one's health) 4. (literary) to act for
魄: pò — (literary) soul; mortal soul (i.e. attached to the body)
大家: dà jiā — 1. everyone 2. influential family 3. great expert (HSK 2)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
稱: chèn — 1. to fit; to match; to suit 2. (coll.) to have; to possess 3. Taiwan pr. (chèng)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
又: yòu — 1. (once) again 2. also 3. both... and... 4. and yet 5. (used for emphasis) anyway (HSK 2)
以: Yǐ — abbr. for Israel 以色列 (Yǐ sè liè) (HSK 7-9)
其: qí — 1. his 2. her 3. its 4. their 5. that 6. such 7. it (refers to sth preceding it) (HSK 5)
本: běn — 1. (bound form) root; stem 2. (bound form) origin; source 3. (bound form) one's own; this 4. (bound form) this; the current (year etc) 5. (bound form) original 6. (bound form) inherent 7. originally; initially 8. capital; principal 9. classifier for books, periodicals, files etc (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
生: shēng — 1. to grow; to give birth; to produce; to be born 2. to arise; to occur 3. to light (a fire) 4. to live; to be alive 5. life 6. raw; uncooked; unprocessed 7. unfamiliar; strange 8. (bound form) student; person engaged in a field 9. (bound form) male role in traditional opera 10. (bound form) life; lifetime 11. (bound form) means of livelihood 12. (bound form) very; intensely (as in 生疼 (shēng téng)) 13. (bound form) in a forced manner (as in 生拉硬拽 (shēng lā yìng zhuài)) (HSK 2)
魂: hún — soul; spirit; immortal soul (that can be detached from the body) (HSK 7-9)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
則: zé — 1. (literary) (conjunction used to express contrast with a previous clause) but; then 2. (bound form) standard; norm 3. (bound form) principle 4. (literary) to imitate; to follow 5. classifier for written items (HSK 7-9)
別: Bié — surname Bie (HSK 1)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
曰: yuē — 1. to speak 2. to say (HSK 7-9)
陽: yáng — 1. positive (electric.) 2. sun 3. male principle (Taoism) 4. Yang, opposite: 陰 (yīn)
但: dàn — 1. but; yet; however; still 2. merely; only; just (HSK 2)
從此: cóng cǐ — 1. from now on 2. since then 3. henceforth (HSK 4)
便: biàn — 1. plain 2. informal 3. suitable 4. convenient 5. opportune 6. to urinate or defecate 7. equivalent to 就 (jiù): then 8. in that case 9. even if 10. soon afterwards (HSK 6)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
隱然: yǐn rán — faintly; indistinctly
相: Xiāng — surname Xiang
混: hún — 1. muddy; turbid (variant of 渾 (hún)) 2. brainless; foolish (variant of 渾 (hún)) 3. Taiwan pr. (hùn) (HSK 6)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
如: rú — 1. as 2. as if 3. such as (HSK 6)
第: dì — 1. (prefix indicating ordinal number, as in 第六 (dì liù) "sixth") 2. (literary) grades in which successful candidates in the imperial examinations were placed 3. (old) residence of a high official 4. (literary) but; however 5. (literary) only; just
四: sì — 1. four 2. 4 (HSK 1)
圖版: tú bǎn — 1. printing plate bearing an image (illustration, photo etc) 2. print made with such a plate
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
題: Tí — surname Ti (HSK 2)
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
陽: yáng — 1. positive (electric.) 2. sun 3. male principle (Taoism) 4. Yang, opposite: 陰 (yīn)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
平常: píng cháng — 1. ordinary 2. common 3. usually 4. ordinarily (HSK 2)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
普通: pǔ tōng — 1. common 2. ordinary 3. general 4. average (HSK 2)
裝束: zhuāng shù — 1. attire 2. clothing
足見: zú jiàn — 1. it goes to show that 2. one can see
明明: míng míng — 1. obviously 2. plainly 3. undoubtedly 4. definitely (HSK 5)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
陰: Yīn — surname Yin (HSK 2)
差: chā — 1. difference; discrepancy 2. (math.) difference (amount remaining after a subtraction) 3. (literary) a little; somewhat; slightly (HSK 1)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
職務: zhí wù — 1. post 2. position 3. job 4. duties (HSK 5)
只: zhī — variant of 隻 (zhī) (HSK 2)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
領: lǐng — 1. neck 2. collar 3. to lead 4. to receive 5. classifier for clothes, mats, screens etc (HSK 3)
鬼: guǐ — 1. disembodied spirit; ghost; devil 2. (suffix) person with a certain vice or addiction etc 3. sly; crafty; resourceful (variant of 詭 (guǐ)) 4. one of the 28 constellations of ancient Chinese astronomy (HSK 5)
卒: cù — variant of 猝 (cù)
進門: jìn mén — 1. to enter a door 2. to go in 3. to learn the basics of a subject 4. to join one's husband's household upon marriage
所以: suǒ yǐ — 1. therefore 2. as a result 3. so 4. the reason why (HSK 2)
站: zhàn — 1. station 2. to stand 3. to halt 4. to stop 5. branch of a company or organization 6. website (HSK 1)
在: zài — 1. to exist; to be alive 2. (of sb or sth) to be (located) at 3. (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress) (HSK 1)
階: jiē — 1. rank or step 2. stairs
下: xià — 1. down 2. downwards 3. below 4. lower 5. later 6. next (week etc) 7. second (of two parts) 8. to decline 9. to go down 10. to arrive at (a decision, conclusion etc) 11. measure word to show the frequency of an action (HSK 1)

「」，「」。Once there existed a "Yang Wuchang" who was a living soul entering the underworld, "Yin Wuchang" then came to be used for Si Youfen, whose duties were similar but who was not a living soul.

既有: jì yǒu — existing
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
生: shēng — 1. to grow; to give birth; to produce; to be born 2. to arise; to occur 3. to light (a fire) 4. to live; to be alive 5. life 6. raw; uncooked; unprocessed 7. unfamiliar; strange 8. (bound form) student; person engaged in a field 9. (bound form) male role in traditional opera 10. (bound form) life; lifetime 11. (bound form) means of livelihood 12. (bound form) very; intensely (as in 生疼 (shēng téng)) 13. (bound form) in a forced manner (as in 生拉硬拽 (shēng lā yìng zhuài)) (HSK 2)
魂: hún — soul; spirit; immortal soul (that can be detached from the body) (HSK 7-9)
入: rù — 1. to enter; to go into 2. to join; to become a member of 3. (bound form) to conform to (as in 入時 (rù shí)) 4. abbr. for 入聲 (rù shēng) 5. (on product packaging, after {number n} + {classifier}) containing (n pieces) (from Japanese 入 "iri") (HSK 6)
冥: míng — 1. dark 2. deep 3. stupid 4. the underworld
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
陽: yáng — 1. positive (electric.) 2. sun 3. male principle (Taoism) 4. Yang, opposite: 陰 (yīn)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
便: biàn — 1. plain 2. informal 3. suitable 4. convenient 5. opportune 6. to urinate or defecate 7. equivalent to 就 (jiù): then 8. in that case 9. even if 10. soon afterwards (HSK 6)
以: Yǐ — abbr. for Israel 以色列 (Yǐ sè liè) (HSK 7-9)
陰: Yīn — surname Yin (HSK 2)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
稱職: chèn zhí — 1. well qualified 2. competent 3. to be equal to the task 4. able to do sth very well
務: wù — 1. affair 2. business 3. matter 4. to be engaged in 5. to attend to 6. by all means
相似: xiāng sì — similar; alike (HSK 3)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
並非: bìng fēi — really isn't (HSK 7-9)
生: shēng — 1. to grow; to give birth; to produce; to be born 2. to arise; to occur 3. to light (a fire) 4. to live; to be alive 5. life 6. raw; uncooked; unprocessed 7. unfamiliar; strange 8. (bound form) student; person engaged in a field 9. (bound form) male role in traditional opera 10. (bound form) life; lifetime 11. (bound form) means of livelihood 12. (bound form) very; intensely (as in 生疼 (shēng téng)) 13. (bound form) in a forced manner (as in 生拉硬拽 (shēng lā yìng zhuài)) (HSK 2)
魂: hún — soul; spirit; immortal soul (that can be detached from the body) (HSK 7-9)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)

，，，，——，——，「」；——。Performing Mulian operas and holding temple fairs to welcome the gods are, though called acts of prayer, at the same time a form of entertainment; the one portrayed on stage ought to be the yin runner, but his ordinary appearance is too dull — there would be nothing worth performing — so it was better to make him more peculiar, and thus he was dressed in the costume of "that other Wuchang"; naturally, no one ever really understood the matter very clearly to begin with.。And yet from that point the error has only been passed on and compounded.，，，，。So what the people of Nanjing and I call Huo Wuchang is in fact a yin runner wearing the robe and cap of Si Youfen while bearing the true name of Huo Wuchang — a great departure from the scriptures, and quite absurd indeed.

做: zuò — 1. to make; to produce 2. to write; to compose 3. to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc) 4. (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, friends etc) 5. (of a thing) to serve as; to be used for 6. to assume (an air or manner) (HSK 1)
目: mù — 1. eye 2. (literary) to look; to regard 3. eye (of a net); mesh 4. mesh size; grit size (abbr. for 目數 (mù shù)) 5. item; section 6. list; catalogue 7. (taxonomy) order 8. name; title
連: Lián — surname Lian (HSK 3)
戲: xì — 1. trick 2. drama 3. play 4. show 5. classifier: 齣 (chū), 場 (chǎng), 臺 (tái) (HSK 5)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
迎神賽會: yíng shén sài huì — folk festival, esp. involving shrine or image of God
雖說: suī shuō — 1. though 2. although (HSK 7-9)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
禱: dǎo — 1. prayer 2. pray 3. supplication
祈: qí — 1. to implore 2. to pray 3. to request
同時: tóng shí — at the same time; simultaneously (HSK 2)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
等于: děng yú — 1. to equal 2. to be tantamount to (HSK 2)
娛樂: yú lè — 1. to entertain 2. to amuse 3. entertainment 4. recreation 5. amusement 6. hobby 7. fun 8. joy (HSK 6)
扮演: bàn yǎn — 1. to play the role of 2. to act (HSK 5)
出來: chū lái — 1. to come out 2. to appear 3. to arise (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
應該: yīng gāi — ought to; should; must (HSK 2)
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
陰: Yīn — surname Yin (HSK 2)
差: chā — 1. difference; discrepancy 2. (math.) difference (amount remaining after a subtraction) 3. (literary) a little; somewhat; slightly (HSK 1)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
普通: pǔ tōng — 1. common 2. ordinary 3. general 4. average (HSK 2)
狀態: zhuàng tài — condition; state; state of affairs (HSK 3)
太: tài — 1. highest 2. greatest 3. too (much) 4. very 5. extremely (HSK 1)
無趣: wú qù — dull; vapid; colorless
無所謂: wú suǒ wèi — 1. to be indifferent 2. not to matter 3. cannot be said to be (HSK 4)
扮演: bàn yǎn — 1. to play the role of 2. to act (HSK 5)
不如: bù rú — 1. not equal to; not as good as; inferior to 2. it would be better to (HSK 2)
奇特: qí tè — 1. peculiar 2. unusual 3. queer (HSK 7-9)
些: xiē — classifier indicating a small amount or small number greater than 1: some, a few, several (HSK 4)
好: hǎo — 1. good 2. appropriate; proper 3. all right! 4. (before a verb) easy to 5. (before a verb) good to 6. (before an adjective for exclamatory effect) so 7. (verb complement indicating completion) 8. (of two people) close; on intimate terms 9. (after a personal pronoun) hello (HSK 1)
于是: yú shì — thereupon; as a result; consequently; thus; hence (HSK 4)
就: jiù — 1. (after a suppositional clause) in that case; then 2. (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after 3. (same as 就是 (jiù shì)) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly 4. only; as little as 5. as much as; as many as 6. to approach; to move towards 7. to undertake; to engage in 8. (often followed by 著 (zhe)) taking advantage of 9. (of food) to go with 10. with regard to; concerning 11. (bound form) to reach; to attain (as in 一蹴而就 (yī cù ér jiù)) 12. (pattern: 就 (jiù) ... 也 (yě) ...) even if ... still ... 13. (pattern: 不 (bù) ... 就 (jiù) ...) if not ... then must be ... (HSK 1)
將: jiāng — 1. will 2. shall 3. to use 4. to take 5. to checkmate 6. just a short while ago 7. (introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把 (bǎ)) (HSK 5)
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
一個: yī ge — 1. a; an; one 2. the whole (afternoon, summer vacation etc)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
衣裝: yī zhuāng — garment
給: gěi — 1. to 2. for 3. for the benefit of 4. to give 5. to allow 6. to do sth (for sb) 7. (grammatical equivalent of 被) 8. (grammatical equivalent of 把) 9. (sentence intensifier) (HSK 1)
他: tā — 1. (third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his 2. (bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日 (tā rì) and 他人 (tā rén)) (HSK 1)
穿上: chuān shang — to put on (clothes etc) (HSK 4)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
自然: zì rán — 1. nature 2. natural 3. naturally (HSK 3)
原: Yuán — 1. surname Yuan 2. (Japanese surname) Hara (HSK 6)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
沒有: méi yǒu — 1. haven't 2. hasn't 3. doesn't exist 4. to not have 5. to not be (HSK 1)
知道: zhī dào — 1. to know; to become aware of 2. also pr. (zhī dao) (HSK 1)
得很: de hěn — (after an adjective) very
清楚: qīng chu — 1. clear 2. distinct 3. to understand thoroughly 4. to be clear about (HSK 2)
然而: rán ér — however; but; yet (HSK 4)
從此: cóng cǐ — 1. from now on 2. since then 3. henceforth (HSK 4)
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
更: gēng — 1. to change or replace 2. to experience 3. one of the five two-hour periods into which the night was formerly divided 4. watch (e.g. of a sentry or guard) (HSK 2)
傳: chuán — 1. to pass on 2. to spread 3. to transmit 4. to infect 5. to transfer 6. to circulate 7. to conduct (electricity) (HSK 3)
訛: é — 1. error 2. false 3. to extort
下去: xià qù — 1. to go down 2. to descend 3. to go on 4. to continue 5. (of a servant) to withdraw (HSK 3)
所以: suǒ yǐ — 1. therefore 2. as a result 3. so 4. the reason why (HSK 2)
南京: Nán jīng — 1. see 南京市 (Nán jīng Shì) 2. Nanjing, capital of the Ming dynasty (1368–1421) and of the Republic of China (1927–1937 and 1946–1949)
人: rén — 1. person; people 2. classifier: 個 (gè), 位 (wèi), 名 (míng) (HSK 1)
和: Hé — surname He (HSK 1)
我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
之: zhī — 1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 (de)) 2. him 3. her 4. it (HSK 7-9)
所謂: suǒ wèi — 1. what is meant by the expression ...; what is referred to as ... 2. (derog.) so-called (HSK 7-9)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
陰: Yīn — surname Yin (HSK 2)
差: chā — 1. difference; discrepancy 2. (math.) difference (amount remaining after a subtraction) 3. (literary) a little; somewhat; slightly (HSK 1)
而: ér — 1. and 2. as well as 3. and so 4. but (not) 5. yet (not) 6. (indicates causal relation) 7. (indicates change of state) 8. (indicates contrast) (HSK 4)
穿着: chuān zhuó — attire; clothes; dress (HSK 7-9)
死: sǐ — 1. to die 2. impassable 3. uncrossable 4. inflexible 5. rigid 6. extremely 7. damned (HSK 3)
有: yǒu — 1. to have; there is 2. (bound form) having; with; -ful; -ed; -al (as in 有意 (yǒu yì) intentional) (HSK 1)
分: fēn — 1. to divide; to separate 2. to distribute; to allocate 3. to distinguish (good and bad) 4. (bound form) branch of (an organization); sub- (as in 分局 (fēn jú)) 5. fraction 6. one tenth (of certain units) 7. unit of length equivalent to 0.33 cm 8. minute (unit of time) 9. minute (angular measurement unit) 10. a point (in sports or games) 11. 0.01 yuan (unit of money) (HSK 1)
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
衣冠: yī guān — 1. hat and clothes 2. attire
頂: dǐng — 1. apex 2. crown of the head 3. top 4. roof 5. most 6. to carry on the head 7. to push to the top 8. to go against 9. to replace 10. to substitute 11. to be subjected to (an aerial bombing, hailstorm etc) 12. (slang) to "bump" a forum thread to raise its profile 13. classifier for headwear, hats, veils etc (HSK 4)
着: zhāo — variant of 著 (zhāo) (HSK 1)
真的: zhēn de — 1. really; truly; indeed 2. real; true; genuine 3. (math.) proper (HSK 1)
活: huó — 1. to live 2. alive 3. living 4. work 5. workmanship (HSK 3)
無常: wú cháng — 1. variable 2. changeable 3. fickle 4. impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) 5. ghost taking away the soul after death 6. to pass away 7. to die
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)
名號: míng hào — 1. name; title 2. good reputation
大: dà — 1. big; large; great 2. older (than another person) 3. eldest (as in 大姐 (dà jiě)) 4. greatly; freely; fully 5. (dialect) father 6. (dialect) uncle (father's brother) (HSK 1)
背: bēi — 1. to carry on one's back 2. (fig.) to bear; to shoulder (a burden, blame etc) (HSK 2)
經典: jīng diǎn — 1. the classics 2. scriptures 3. classical 4. classic (example, case etc) 5. typical (HSK 4)
荒謬: huāng miù — absurd; ridiculous (HSK 7-9)
得很: de hěn — (after an adjective) very
的: de — 1. of; ~'s (possessive particle) 2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) 3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) 4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 (pí gé de) "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 (pǎo táng r de) "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 (xīn de) "new one") 5. also pr. (dì) or (di) in poetry and songs (HSK 1)

，？I wonder what the learned gentlemen of the land would make of this?

，，，，，。I had originally no intention of writing any afterword at all; I only meant to find a few old pictures to use as illustrations, but as it turned out I failed in that purpose, and instead ended up, on the one hand comparing and pasting them together, and on the other rambling on with all sorts of remarks.，。That small body of text took nearly a year to write, on and off, and this small afterword has likewise taken nearly two months, on and off.，，：。With the weather so hot that sweat soaks through my back, surely this too may now be brought to an end — and so I close.

我: wǒ — I; me; my (HSK 1)
本來: běn lái — 1. original 2. originally 3. at first 4. it goes without saying 5. of course (HSK 3)
並不: bìng bù — not at all; by no means
準備: zhǔn bèi — 1. preparation 2. to prepare 3. to intend 4. to be about to 5. reserve (fund) (HSK 1)
做: zuò — 1. to make; to produce 2. to write; to compose 3. to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc) 4. (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, friends etc) 5. (of a thing) to serve as; to be used for 6. to assume (an air or manner) (HSK 1)
什: shén — what
麽: me — variant of 麼 (me)
後記: hòu jì — 1. epilogue 2. afterword
只: zhī — variant of 隻 (zhī) (HSK 2)
想: xiǎng — 1. to think (about) 2. to think of; to devise 3. to think (that); to believe (that) 4. to desire; to want (to) 5. to miss (feel wistful about the absence of) (HSK 1)
尋: xún — 1. to search 2. to look for 3. to seek (HSK 7-9)
幾: jī — (literary) almost (HSK 1)
張: Zhāng — surname Zhang (HSK 3)
舊: jiù — 1. old 2. opposite: new 新 3. former 4. worn (with age) (HSK 3)
畫像: huà xiàng — 1. portrait 2. to do a portrait of sb
來: lái — 1. to come 2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb) 3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 (huí lai)) 4. ever since (as in 自古以來 (zì gǔ yǐ lái)) 5. for the past (amount of time) 6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 (lái shì)) 7. (between two verbs) in order to 8. (after a round number) approximately 9. (used after 得 (dé) to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 (tán de lái), or after 不 (bù) to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 (chī bu lái)) (HSK 1)
做: zuò — 1. to make; to produce 2. to write; to compose 3. to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc) 4. (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, friends etc) 5. (of a thing) to serve as; to be used for 6. to assume (an air or manner) (HSK 1)
插圖: chā tú — illustration (HSK 7-9)
不料: bù liào — 1. unexpectedly 2. to one's surprise (HSK 6)
目的: mù dì — purpose; aim; goal; target; objective (HSK 2)
不: bù — 1. no; not so 2. (bound form) not; un- (HSK 1)
達: Dá — surname Da
便: biàn — 1. plain 2. informal 3. suitable 4. convenient 5. opportune 6. to urinate or defecate 7. equivalent to 就 (jiù): then 8. in that case 9. even if 10. soon afterwards (HSK 6)
變成: biàn chéng — 1. to change into 2. to turn into 3. to become (HSK 2)
一面: yī miàn — 1. one side 2. one aspect 3. simultaneously... (and...) 4. one's whole face (HSK 7-9)
比較: bǐ jiào — 1. to compare 2. to contrast 3. comparatively 4. relatively 5. quite 6. comparison (HSK 3)
剪: Jiǎn — surname Jian (HSK 5)
貼: tiē — 1. to stick 2. to paste 3. to post (e.g. on a blog) 4. to keep close to 5. to fit snugly 6. to subsidize 7. allowance (e.g. money for food or housing) 8. sticker 9. classifier for sticking plaster: strip (HSK 4)
一面: yī miàn — 1. one side 2. one aspect 3. simultaneously... (and...) 4. one's whole face (HSK 7-9)
亂: luàn — 1. in confusion or disorder 2. in a confused state of mind 3. disorder 4. upheaval 5. riot 6. illicit sexual relations 7. to throw into disorder 8. to mix up 9. indiscriminate 10. random 11. arbitrary (HSK 3)
發: fā — 1. to send out 2. to show (one's feeling) 3. to issue 4. to develop 5. to make a bundle of money 6. classifier for gunshots (rounds) (HSK 2)
議論: yì lùn — 1. to comment 2. to talk about 3. to discuss 4. discussion 5. classifier: 個 (gè) (HSK 4)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
那: Nā — surname Na (HSK 1)
一點: yī diǎn — 1. a bit; a little bit 2. (used in negative expressions) (not) the least bit 3. (after an adjective, used to form the comparative) a bit more, -er 4. a point (in a discussion etc) 5. (calligraphy) dot stroke (、) 6. one o'clock (abbr. for 一點鍾 (yī diǎn zhōng))
本文: běn wén — 1. this text 2. article 3. the main body of a book
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
作: zuō — 1. (bound form) worker 2. (bound form) workshop 3. (slang) troublesome; high-maintenance (person) (HSK 6)
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
輟: chuò — 1. to stop (before completion) 2. to cease 3. to suspend
地: de — 1. -ly 2. structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct (HSK 1)
幾乎: jī hū — almost; nearly; practically (HSK 4)
做: zuò — 1. to make; to produce 2. to write; to compose 3. to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc) 4. (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, friends etc) 5. (of a thing) to serve as; to be used for 6. to assume (an air or manner) (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
一: yī — 1. one 2. single 3. a (article) 4. as soon as 5. entire; whole; all; throughout 6. "one" radical in Chinese characters (Kangxi radical 1) 7. also pr. (yāo) for greater clarity when spelling out numbers digit by digit (HSK 1)
年: Nián — surname Nian (HSK 1)
這: zhè — 1. (pronoun) this; these 2. (bound form) this; the (followed by a noun) 3. (bound form) this; these (followed by a classifier) (in this sense, commonly pr. (zhèi), esp. in Beijing) (HSK 1)
一點: yī diǎn — 1. a bit; a little bit 2. (used in negative expressions) (not) the least bit 3. (after an adjective, used to form the comparative) a bit more, -er 4. a point (in a discussion etc) 5. (calligraphy) dot stroke (、) 6. one o'clock (abbr. for 一點鍾 (yī diǎn zhōng))
後記: hòu jì — 1. epilogue 2. afterword
也: Yě — surname Ye (HSK 1)
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
作: zuō — 1. (bound form) worker 2. (bound form) workshop 3. (slang) troublesome; high-maintenance (person) (HSK 6)
或: huò — 1. maybe 2. perhaps 3. might 4. possibly 5. or (HSK 2)
輟: chuò — 1. to stop (before completion) 2. to cease 3. to suspend
地: de — 1. -ly 2. structural particle: used before a verb or adjective, linking it to preceding modifying adverbial adjunct (HSK 1)
幾乎: jī hū — almost; nearly; practically (HSK 4)
做: zuò — 1. to make; to produce 2. to write; to compose 3. to do; to engage in; to hold (a party etc) 4. (of a person) to be (an intermediary, a good student etc); to become (husband and wife, friends etc) 5. (of a thing) to serve as; to be used for 6. to assume (an air or manner) (HSK 1)
了: le — 1. (completed action marker) 2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) 3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause) (HSK 1)
兩: liǎng — 1. two 2. both 3. some 4. a few 5. tael, unit of weight equal to 50 grams (modern) or 1⁄16 of a catty 斤 (jīn) (old) (HSK 1)
個: gě — used in 自個兒 (zì gě r) (HSK 1)
月: yuè — 1. moon 2. month 3. monthly 4. classifier: 個 (gè), 輪 (lún) (HSK 1)
天: tiān — 1. day 2. sky 3. heaven (HSK 1)
熱: rè — 1. to warm up 2. to heat up 3. hot (of weather) 4. heat 5. fervent (HSK 1)
如此: rú cǐ — like this; so; such (HSK 5)
汗流浹背: hàn liú jiā bèi — 1. to sweat profusely (idiom) 2. drenched in sweat
是: shì — 1. to be (followed by substantives only) 2. correct; right; true 3. (respectful acknowledgement of a command) very well 4. (adverb for emphatic assertion) (HSK 1)
亦: yì — also (HSK 7-9)
不可以: bù kě yǐ — may not
已: yǐ — 1. already 2. to stop 3. then 4. afterwards (HSK 3)
乎: hū — 1. (classical particle similar to 於 (yú)) in 2. at 3. from 4. because 5. than 6. (classical final particle similar to 嗎 (ma), 吧 (ba), 呢 (ne), expressing question, doubt or astonishment)
爰: Yuán — surname Yuan
爲: wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
結: jiē — 1. (of a plant) to produce (fruit or seeds) 2. Taiwan pr. (jié) (HSK 4)

，。Completed on July 11, 1927, beneath the west window of my lodgings on Dongdi, Guangzhou.

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What it’s about

The postscript is Lu Xun the collector of popular pictures, and it is a strange, digressive, wholly characteristic performance. He set out only to find a few old illustrations to use as plates, could not get what he wanted, and wrote this instead: a running comparison of every version of the 二十四孝 imagery he could lay hands on, opening with a correction of his own essay — the Beijing bogeyman 馬虎子, which he had glossed as a Hu tribesman, turns out to be 麻祜, an official's given name, as a Tang book had already explained to people who did not know their sources.

From there he works through the pictures: how different engravers handled 老萊子, one tumbling him on the ground like a baby, another softening it because a grown man crawling was more than the drawing would bear; an 1872 《百孝圖》 whose preface already calls burying a son 忍心害理 without quite daring to say it was wrong; a rival volume got up in answer to a book of a hundred beauties, morality competing for the same buyers. Then back to 無常, with quotations from the 《玉歷鈔傳》 to show that the figure the fairs and the operas call 活無常 is wearing 死有分's costume and answering to the wrong name. He closes by admitting the thing ran away with him — two months of it, in Guangzhou heat, sweat running down his back — and stops.

When it was written 背景

Written 11 July 1927 at a west window in Guangzhou, and the only part of the book that never appeared in 莽原: it was made for the volume 未名社 brought out in Beijing in September 1928, along with the ten illustrations it argues about. A learner should treat it as an appendix rather than an essay — it is the hardest Chinese in the collection, thick with classical quotation, block-quoted prefaces and Qing book titles, and it assumes you have just read 二十四孝圖 and 无常. Come to it last, if at all. What it is good for is showing what Lu Xun was actually like once a subject had caught him.

Words in this chapter 生词

無常wú cháng無常wú cháng — variable · changeable · fickle · impermanence (Sanskrit: anitya) · ghost taking away the soul after death · to pass away · to die
爲wéiHSK 2爲wéi — variant of 為 (wéi) (HSK 2)
孝xiào孝xiào — filial piety or obedience · mourning apparel
南京Nán jīng南京Nán jīng — see 南京市 (Nán jīng Shì) · Nanjing, capital of the Ming dynasty (1368–1421) and of the Republic of China (1927–1937 and 1946–1949)
石印shí yìn石印shí yìn — lithography · lithographic printing
却quèHSK 4却què — but · yet · however · while · to go back · to decline · to retreat · nevertheless · even though (HSK 4)
曆lì曆lì — calendar
天津Tiān jīn天津Tiān jīn — Tianjin municipality (short name 津 (Jīn))
廣州Guǎng zhōu廣州Guǎng zhōu — see 廣州市 (Guǎng zhōu Shì)
萊lái萊lái — name of weed plant (fat hen, goosefoot, pigweed etc) · Chenopodium album
刻本kè běn刻本kè běn — block printed edition
卌xì卌xì — forty